SCIENCE PHYSICS CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

SCIENCE PHYSICS 

SCIENCE Paper – 1 

Q.1 (a) The diagram below shows a claw hammer used to remove a nail: 

    (i) To which class of lever does it belong? 

   (ii) Give one more example of the same class of lever mentioned by you in (i) for which the mechanical advantage is greater than one. 

(b) Two bodies A and B have masses in the ratio 5:1 and their kinetic energies are in the ratio 125:9. Find the ratio of their velocities. 

(c) (i) Name the physical quantity which is measured in calories.  

     (ii) How is calorie related to the S.I unit of that quantity? 

(d) (i) Define couple. 

     (ii) State the S.I. unit of moment of couple. 

(e) (i) Define critical angle. 

     (ii) State one important factor which affects the critical angle of a given medium. 

 

Q.2 (a) An electromagnetic radiation is used for photography in fog. 

     (i) Identify the radiation. 

    (ii) Why is this radiation mentioned by you, ideal for this purpose? 

(b) (i) What is the relation between the refractive index of water with respect to air (aµw) and the refractive index of air with respect to water (wµa). 

     (ii) If the refractive index of water with respect to air (aµw) is 5/3. Calculate the refractive index of air with respect to water (wµa). 

(c) The specific heat capacity of a substance A is 3,800 Jkg-1K-1and that of a substance B is 400 Jkg-1K-1. Which of the two substances is a good conductor of heat? Give a reason for your answer.  

(d) A man playing a flute is able to produce notes of different frequencies. If he  closes the holes near his mouth, will the pitch of the note produced, increase or decrease? Give a reason. 

(e) The diagram below shows a light source P embedded in a rectangular glass block ABCD of critical angle 42o. Complete the path of the ray PQ till itemerges out of the block. [Write necessary angles.] 

 

Q.3 (a) (i) If the lens is placed in water instead of air, how does its focal length change? 

    (ii) Which lens, thick or thin has greater focal length? 

(b) Two waves of the same pitch have amplitudes in the ratio 1: 3. What will be the ratio of their:  

     (i) intensities and  

    (ii) frequencies? 

(c) How does an increase in the temperature affect the specific resistance of a: 

     (i) Metal and 

    (ii) Semiconductor? 

(d) (i) Define resonant vibrations. 

     (ii) Which characteristic of sound, makes it possible to recognize a person by his voice without seeing him? 

(e) Is it possible for a hydrogen (1H1) nucleus to emit an alpha particle? Give a reason for your answer. 

 

Q.4 (a) Calculate the effective resistance across AB: 

(b) (i) State whether the specific heat capacity of a substance remains the same 

           when its state changes from solid to liquid. 

     (ii) Give one example to support your answer. 

(c) A magnet kept at the centre of two coils A and B is moved to and fro as   

     shown in the diagram. The two galvanometers show deflection. 

            State with a reason whether: 

                            x > y 

                               or 

                            x < y. [x and y are magnitudes of deflection.] 

(d) (i) Why is a nuclear fusion reaction called a thermo nuclear reaction? 

     (ii) Complete the reaction: 

                   3He2 + 2H1 4He2 + …………….. + Energy 

(e) State two ways to increase the speed of rotation of a D.C. motor. 

 

SECTION II 

Q.5 (a) A body of mass 10 Kg is kept at a height of 5 m. It is allowed to fall and reach the ground.  

    (i) What is the total mechanical energy possessed by the body at the height of 2 m assuming it is a frictionless medium? 

     (ii) What is the kinetic energy possessed by the body just before hitting the ground? Take g = 10 m / s2

(b) A uniform meter scale is in equilibrium as shown in the diagram: 

(i) Calculate the weight of the meter scale. 

(ii) Which of the following options is correct to keep the ruler in equilibrium when 40 gf wt is shifted to 0 cm mark? 

                    F is shifted towards 0 cm. 

                                    or 

                   F is shifted towards 100 cm. 

(c) The diagram below shows a pulley arrangement: 

(i) Copy the diagram and mark the direction of tension on each strand of the string. 

(ii) What is the velocity ratio of the arrangement? 

(iii) If the tension acting on the string is T, then what is the relationship between T and effort E? 

(iv) If the free end of the string moves through a distance x, find the distance by  which the load is raised. 

 

Q.6 (a) How does the angle of deviation formed by a prism change with the increase in the angle of incidence?  

      Draw a graph showing the variation in the angle of deviation with the angle of  incidence at a prism surface. 

(b) A virtual, diminished image is formed when an object is placed between the optical centre and the principal focus of a lens.  

(i) Name the type of lens which forms the above image. 

(ii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image with the above stated characteristics. 

(c) An object is placed at a distance 24 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 8 cm. 

     (i) What is the nature of the image so formed? 

     (ii) Calculate the distance of the image from the lens. 

     (iii) Calculate the magnification of the image. 

 

Q.7 (a) It is observed that during march-past we hear a base drum distinctly from a distance compared to the side drums. 

    (i) Name the characteristic of sound associated with the above observation.  

    (ii) Give a reason for the above observation. 

(b) A pendulum has a frequency of 4 vibrations per second. An observer starts the pendulum and fires a gun simultaneously. He hears the echo from the cliff after  6 vibrations of the pendulum. If the velocity of sound in air is 340  m/s, find the  distance between the cliff and the observer. 

(c) Two pendulums C and D are suspended from a wire as shown in the figure given below. Pendulum C is made to oscillate by displacing it from its mean position. It is seen that D also starts oscillating. 

(i) Name the type of oscillation, C will execute.

(ii) Name the type of oscillation, D will execute.

(iii) If the length of D is made equal to C then what difference will you notice in the oscillations of D?

(iv) What is the name of the phenomenon when the length of D is made equal to C?

 

Q.8 (a) (i) Write one advantage of connecting electrical appliances in parallel combination. 

      (ii) What characteristics should a fuse wire have? 

      (iii) Which wire in a power circuit is connected to the metallic body of the appliance? 

(b) The diagram below shows a dual control switch circuit connected to a bulb. 

(i) Copy the diagram and complete it so that the bulb is switched ON. 

(ii) Out of A & B which one is the live wire and which one is the neutral wire?

(C)

 The diagram above shows a circuit with the key k open. Calculate:

(i) the resistance of the circuit when the key k is open.

(ii) the current drawn from the cell when the key k is open. 

(iii) the resistance of the circuit when the key k is closed. 

(iv) the current drawn from the cell when the key k is closed. 

 

Q.9  (a) (i) Define Calorimetry. 

     (ii) Name the material used for making a Calorimeter.  

     (iii) Why is a Calorimeter made up of thin sheets of the above material answered in (ii)? 

(b) The melting point of naphthalene is 80°C and the room temperature is 30°C. 

      A sample of liquid naphthalene at 100°C is cooled down to the room temperature.  Draw a temperature time graph to represent this cooling. In the graph, mark the  region which corresponds to the freezing process. 

(c) 104 g of water at 30°C is taken in a calorimeter made of copper of mass 42 g. 

      When a certain mass of ice at 0°C is added to it, the final steady temperature of  the mixture after the ice has melted, was found to be 10°C. Find the mass of ice  added. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1; Specific latent heat of  fusion of ice = 336 Jg-1; Specific heat capacity of copper = 0.4  Jg-1°C-1

 

Q.10 (a) Draw a neat labeled diagram of an A.C. generator. 

(b) (i) Define nuclear fission. 

     (ii) Rewrite and complete the following nuclear reaction by filling in the atomic number of Ba and mass number of Kr: 

(c) The diagram below shows a magnetic needle kept just below the conductor AB which is kept in North South direction. 

(i) In which direction will the needle deflect when the key is closed? 

(ii) Why is the deflection produced? 

(iii) What will be the change in the deflection if the magnetic needle is taken just above the conductor AB? 

(iv) Name one device which works on this principle. 

GEOGRAPHY CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

GEOGRAPHY 

H.C.G. – Paper – 2 

PART I 

Q.1 Study the extract of the Survey of India Map sheet No. 45 D/10 and answer the following  questions:  

(a) (i) Give the six-figure grid reference for the temple that is located to the south west of Pithapura settlement. 

     (ii) Give the four-figure grid reference for a settlement where people of the region  meet socially and for trade at least once in a year. 

(b) (i) What is the pattern of drainage seen in the grid square 2118? 

     (ii) What is the pattern of settlement seen in the grid square 1923? 

(c) What do each of the two numbers (281 printed in black colour and 20 printed in red colour) in the grid square 1818 indicate? 

(d) (i) Name any two man-made features in grid square 2419. 

      (ii) Name any two natural features in grid square 2118. 

(e) What is the significance of the following? 

      (i) Fire line in grid square 2417. 

      (ii) Water body found in grid square 2221. 

(f) Calculate the area of the region between 16 and 19 Eastings and 18 and 22 

     Northings. Give your answer in kilometre square. 

(g) Give a reason for each of the following: 

      (i) The water in some of the wells in the north west quarter of the map is not fit for drinking. 

      (ii) The region near Anadra and Gulabganj has many causeways. 

(h) (i) What is the main means of irrigation used by people living in the area Shown on the map? 

      (ii) What is the main occupation of the people of the region shown on the map?

(i) Which according to you is the most important settlement? Give a reason to support your answer. 

(j) Name any two means of transport used by the people living in the area shown on  the map extact. 

 

Q.2 On the outline map of India provided: 

(a) Shade and label the Gangetic Plain. 

(b) Shade and label an area of laterite soil in North India.

(c) Mark and label the Karakoram Mountains. 

(d) Mark and name the Palk Strait. 

(e) Shade and label the river Cauveri. 

(f) Mark and name Mumbai. 

(g) Mark and name the Nathu La Pass. 

(h) Mark and name Digboi. 

(i) Shade and name the Deccan Plateau. 

(j) Shade and label the river Jhelum. 

Index No.……………………………………………. UID…………………………….. 

(This map, if used, must be fastened with all other answers) 

                          Map of India

 

 

PART II 

Q.3 (a) (i) What type of wind is ‘Monsoon’? What is its direction during summer?

      (ii) Mention two characteristics of the Indian monsoon. 

(b) With reference to the summer season in India, answer the following questions: 

       (i) Mention the duration of the summer season in India.  

       (ii) What is the atmospheric pressure condition during summer season over The central part of India? 

(c) Give a reason for each of the following: 

       (i) Goa receives heavier rainfall than Puducherry. 

       (ii) Mawsynram receives the highest average annual rainfall. 

       (iii) Mangaluru is cooler than Delhi in summer season. 

(d) Study the data of distribution of temperature and rain for Station X and answer the questions that follow: 

Month  JAN  FEB  MAR  APR  MAY  JUN  JUL  AUG  SEP  OCT  NOV  DEC
Temp. °C  10  11  23  35  39  42  40  33  30  25  13  11
Rainfall Cm  15  62  71  81  59  12  10  3

     (i) Is Station X in the coastal area or in the interior of the country? 

     (ii) Calculate the total annual rainfall for Station X. 

     (iii) Name the wind that brings most of the rainfall to Station X.  

 

Q.4 (a) (i) Name the Indian soil which is formed due to the weathering of basic igneous rocks. 

     (ii) Name two states of India where this type of soil is found. 

(b) Name the following: 

     (i) An important transported soil of India. 

     (ii) Soil that is rich in iron oxide. 

(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following: 

     (i) Terrace farming is an ideal soil conservation method for hilly regions. 

     (ii) Dry farming is preferred in areas with red soil. 

     (iii) Wind is a common agent of soil erosion in arid regions. 

(d) Briefly answer the following: 

     (i) Mention one way in which man is responsible for soil erosion. 

     (ii) How can deepening of the river bed help in preventing soil erosion? 

     (iii) Mention a physical characteristic of Laterite soil. 

 

Q.5 (a) Give two reasons to explain as to why we need to conserve our forest resource. 

(b) (i) Mention two conditions required for the growth of Littoral Forest.

      (ii) State one characteristic feature of the forest found in the Nilgiri Hills. 

(c) (i) Give two reasons to explain as to why the Tropical Evergreen Forests are difficult to exploit for commercial purpose. 

     (ii) Name any two trees found in Tropical Evergreen forests. 

(d) Briefly explain each of the following:  

     (i) The trees in the Tropical Desert Forest have stunted growth.  

     (ii) There is a gradual increase in the forest cover in India in recent times.  

     (iii) The trees in Monsoon Deciduous forests, shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks  during March and April. 

Q.6 (a) “The modern means of irrigation are gaining popularity.” Give two reasons to justify this statement. 

(b) Mention two factors that favour the development of tube well irrigation in Punjab.

(c) Give a reason for each of the following:  

      (i) Most of the South Indian states are not suitable for development of canal  irrigation.  

     (ii) There is an urgent need for water conservation in India. 

     (iii) Development of irrigation is essential for the growth of the agriculture sector of India. 

(d) Briefly explain the following terms: 

    (i) Inundation canal. 

   (ii) Rooftop rainwater harvesting. 

   (iii) Surface water. 

 

Q.7 (a) Give two advantages of using bio-gas as a source of power. 

(b) Name the following: 

     (i) A metallic mineral for which the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh is famous. 

     (ii) The multi-purpose project based on the River Sutlej. 

(c) Give a reason for each of the following: 

      (i) Odisha has benefited greatly from the Hirakud project. 

     (ii) Copper is used to make electric wires.  

     (iii) India’s location is advantageous for the generation of solar power. 

(d) Briefly answer the following: 

     (i) Name a mineral used to generate nuclear power.  

     (ii) Why is petroleum often referred to as “liquid gold”? 

     (iii) State one disadvantage of using coal as a source of power. 

 

Q.8 (a) Mention two steps taken by the government to boost agricultural production in India. 

(b) (i) Name two varieties of millet grown in India.  

      (ii) What is the soil requirement for growing millet? 

(c) Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow: 

     (i) Mention the climatic condition that is suitable for the cultivation of this crop. 

      (ii) Name the state that produces the largest amount of this crop. 

      (iii) In which cropping season is this crop grown in India? 

(d) Give a geographical reason for each of the following:  

      (i) Cultivation of wheat is confined to the northern part of India.  

     (ii) Practicing mixed farming gives security to farmers. 

    (iii) Ratoon cropping is gaining popularity among sugarcane cultivators. 

 

Q.9 (a) Where do the following iron and steel plants get their supply of iron ore from? 

     (i) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant. 

     (ii) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant. 

(b) ‘Karnataka has developed as an important state for the growth of the Silk industry.’Give two reasons to justify the statement. 

(c) With reference to sugar industries answer the following questions:

    (i) Why should these industries be located close to the sugarcane growing areas?

   (ii) Name two by-products of the sugar industry. 

   (iii) Mention one leading sugar producing state in North India and one in South India. 

(d) Give a reason for each of the following: 

    (i) Ahmedabad is an important cotton textile producing centre in India. 

    (ii) Cottage industries are significant for our economy 

   (iii) Petrochemical industries are usually located close to the oil refineries. 

 

Q.10 (a) “Roadways are an important means of transport in India”. Give two reasons to justify the statement. 

(b) (i) Why are South Indian rivers not ideal for the inland water transport? 

      (ii) Mention one advantage of coastal shipping.  

(c) Give a reason for each of the following: 

      (i) Nearly seventy percent of Indians do not use air transport. 

     (ii) A well-developed transport network is important for industrial growth. 

     (iii) Water transport is not as popular as land transport in India.  

(d) (i) “The railway is an important means of transport as compared to airways.” State two reasons to support the statement. 

    (ii) Mention one disadvantage of rail transport. 

 

Q.11 (a) What impact does the waste accumulation have on the following? 

     (i) Quality of air around us. 

     (ii) Quality of water around us. 

(b) Mention two ways in which the decomposition of waste in open areas can affect human health. 

(c) (i) What can an individual do to reduce waste at home? 

      (ii) Why must segregation of waste be done before disposal? 

      (iii) How has composting proven to be a great help in managing waste? 

(d) Give a reason for each of the following: 

      (i) Trees must be planted in the industrial areas. 

     (ii) Chemical fertilizers must be replaced by organic manure.  

    (iii) Plastic and polythene products must be banned. 

HISTORY & CIVICS CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

HISTORY & CIVICS 

H.C.G. – Paper – 1 

PART I 

Q.1 (a) What is the normal term of office of the Lok Sabha? 

(b) State the meaning of the term Question Hour. 

(c) Name the Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. 

(d) State any one condition when the Parliament can legislate on subjects in the State List. 

(e) Write any one circumstance when the President can declare a National  Emergency. 

(f) What happens when a motion of ‘No-Confidence’ is passed against a Minister? 

(g) On whose advice can the President appoint the Council of Ministers? 

(h) What is meant by Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? 

(i) On what grounds can a Supreme Court Judge be removed from office?

(j) State one point of distinction between a District Judge and a Sessions Judge. 

Answer: 

(a) 5 years

(b) Question hour represents

− the first hour of every working day of the house (11:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon)

− the members can ask questions from the government

− on matters of public interests (Scrutiny)

(c) Speaker

(d) (i) During an emergency or President’s rule in a State

     (ii) When two or more States request the Parliament

     (iii) When the Rajya Sabha declares by 2/3rd majority that a subject has assumed national importance. 

(e) (i) Danger of foreign aggression or war

     (ii) Danger to peace and security of the country

     (iii) Civil war (Internal disturbance)

     (iv) Insurgency

     (v) Armed rebellion 

(f) The entire Ministry resigns en bloc (the government will resign). 

(g) Prime Minister advises President in appointment of Council of Ministers.

(h) (i) Hears Appeals from a person / organisation when they are not satisfied.

       (ii) Special Leave of Appeal

       (iii) Appeals from the judgements of High Court or Lower court can be filed in the Supreme Court (One point)

(i)  − Charges of proven misbehavior

       − Incapacity

       − Violation of constitution/grave mis-conduct (One point)

(j) Sessions Court- Criminal cases (robbery, dacoities and murder).

Court of the District Judge- Civil Cases (Land and Property disputes and money transactions) District Judge presides over District Court and Sessions Judge over Session Courts. Session Judge has no administrative power but the District Judge has.

Q.2 (a) What was the General Service Enlistment Act? 

(b) Name the two books that Dadabhai Naoroji authored explaining the ‘Drain of India’s Wealth’. 

(c) Name each of the organizations founded by Jyothiba Phule and Raja Rammohan Roy. 

(d) Write any two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai to the National Movement. (e) State any two provisions of the Indian Independence Act of 1947 that was to decide the fate of the Princely States? 

(f) Write any two reasons for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan by the Congress. 

(g) State any two objections imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on the German military power. 

(h) Name the Signatory Countries of the Triple Alliance. 

(i) What is meant by the term ‘Veto’ power? 

(j) Why was the League of Nations established? 

Answer :

(a)

− Passed in 1856.

− According to this Act, the Indian Soldier in the East India Company could be sent overseas on duty.

− It was a taboo for Indian Soldiers, especially the Brahmins to go overseas

− To go overseas went against their religious sentiments. 

(b) Poverty and Un-British Rule in India

(c) (i) Satya Shodhak Samaj – Jyothiba Phule

      (ii) Brahmo Samaj – Raja Rammohan Roy.

(d)

− Founded Punjabi,

− Vande Mataram (Urdu Daily),

− People (English Weekly),

− Young India (monthly magazine)

− Inspired the youth through his prolific writing

− Joined the Congress in 1888.

− Elected as the President of Congress in 1920,

− Was the first President of the All-Indian Trade Union Congress (in 1920).

− Founded the ‘Servants of People Society’ for welfare of the downtrodden.

− Laid the foundation of the D.A.V. College, Lahore

− Went to America and joined the Ghadar Party to mobilise opinion in favour of Indian freedom struggle

− Opened orphanages, hospitals and schools

− Led a protest against the Simon Commission and succumbed to injuries inflicted upon him in a lathi charge

− Fought against the partition of Bengal

− Advocated Swadeshi (Separate Government) and Boycott.

(e) (i) The Princely States would become Independent from the British authority.

     (ii) All treaties and agreements made by the British with reference to the States would lapse.

    (iii) States could remain independent or

    (iv) Join either India or Pakistan. 

(f) (i) It was the only solution to the communal problem/ no other option.

    (ii) The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate.

    (iii) The only alternative was a federation with a weak centre.

    (iv) Any further continuation of the British rule would mean greater calamity.

    (v) Further delay would cause a civil war.

    (vi) Partition would rid the Constitution of separate electorates.

    (vii)A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre. 

(g) (i) The army was restricted to a force of 1 lakh soldiers.

    (ii) The navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships

    (iii) Air force and submarines were banned.

    (iv) Rhine valley was demilitarized. 

(h) Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy (All three countries)

(i) The Permanent members of Security Council have veto power i.e. a negative vote that is exercised to make strong decisions or raise objections from any of the five members. Council is powerless to act if any of the five members uses the Veto power. 

(j) (i) For Peace and Security.

    (ii) To avoid future wars.

    (iii) To maintain just and honourable relations

    (iv) All States were to respect each other’s independence

    (v) All States were to refer their disputes to the League of Nations for a peaceful settlement.

    (vi) Member States were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive armaments.

    (vii) To enforce corrective action against member States for disobeying treaties and disturbing world peace and order.

PART II 

SECTION A

Q.3 The Parliament is the body of people’s representatives who have Supreme power in a  democracy. With reference to the Union Legislature answer the following: 

(a) How are the members of the Rajya Sabha elected? 

(b) Why is it called a Permanent house? 

(c) State any two Financial and any two Legislative powers of the Indian Parliament. 

Answer :

(a) Elected by the members of elected Legislative Assemblies. Indirectly elected on the basis of proportional representation with a single transferable vote.

(b) 1/3 of its members retire every two years. The house is never dissolved as a whole

(c) (i) Financial Powers

− Passes the Budget of the Union Parliament,

− Determines the Salaries & Allowances of the members of Parliament,

− No taxes can be imposed unless approved by the Parliament,

− Passes the Supplementary grants

− Vote on account,

− Passes the Money Bill.

(ii) Legislative Powers

− Makes laws on subjects in the Union List

− Makes laws on subjects in the State List (under certain conditions)

− Makes laws on subjects in the Concurrent list

− Possesses Residuary power.

− Approves Ordinances.

− Power during an Emergency

− Makes amendments to the Constitution

 

Q.4 The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, is the most Powerful  Institution in the Indian Polity. In this context, answer the following: 

(a) State briefly the position of the Prime Minister in the Parliamentary system of Government. State any two powers the Prime Minister has as a leader of the  Nation. 

(b) Distinguish between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet. 

(c) Write any four functions of the ‘Cabinet’. 

Answer :

Position: The Prime Minister is the de-facto or the real leader of the nation.

− He is the Leader of the Lok Sabha.

− He is the chief spokesperson of the Government.

− He is the defender of Government policies.

− He intervenes in case of controversial issues.

− Addresses nation during emergency or on important occasions.

− Represents and visits countries – for economic and social issues of the nation.

− Chairman of Niti Aayog and Atomic Energy Commission

− Decides what kind of relations India would have with other countries.

− Keeps President informed of the decision of the Cabinet.

(b)

S.No.

Council of Ministers

Cabinet

1

Consists of all the three categories of ministers.

Is a group of senior ministers holding important portfolios

2

The PM may or may not consult

them

The PM always consults them.

3

Rarely meets as a whole

Meets as frequently as possible

4

Does not advise the President

Advises the President through the PM

5

Larger Group

Smaller Group

6

May or may not hold important

portfolios

Hold important portfolios

(c) Powers of the Cabinet:

− Formulates policies and implements them.

− Coordinates the functioning of various Ministers.

− Introduces Bills

− Amends the Constitution

− Advises the President to summon the Houses of Parliament.

− Prepares President’s Special Address

− Advices the President to issues Ordinances

− Prepare Money and Non-Money Bills ( This is a separate point )

− Recommends proclamation of Emergency to the President.

− Decides all major appointments made by the President.

− Preparation of annual budget

− Acts as source of information

 

Q.5 India has a single integrated judicial system that is Independent and Supreme.  With reference to the Judiciary, answer the following: 

(a) (i) Who appoints the Judges of the High Court?  

     (ii) State any two qualifications required for a person to be appointed as a High Court judge. 

(b) Explain briefly the term ‘Court of Record’ with reference to the High Court. 

(c) List any four writs that the High Court can issue for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. 

Answer :

(a) (i) President

     (ii)

  1. One should be a citizen of India.
  2. One should have held a judicial office in India for at least 10 years.
  3. One should have been advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
  4. He should not be over 62 years of age. 

(b)

  1. A Court of Record is one whose judgements are recorded or for evidence and testimony. 
  2. They are not to be questioned when they are produced before any court.
  3. The judgements are in the nature of ‘precedents’ that is the High Court and other Courts are bound to give a similar decision in a similar case.
  4. The law laid down by the High Court is binding on all subordinate courts and administrative tribunals in the State.
  5. The Court has the power to punish anyone who commits contempt of the court. 

(c) Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari. 

 

SECTION B 

Q.6 The Second half of the 19th century witnessed the growth of a strong feeling of  Nationalism. With reference to the statement, answer the following: 

(a) Write any three repressive Colonial policies of the British. 

(b) State any three ways in which the Press played an important role in developing nationalism amongst Indians. 

(c) Explain briefly any three differences in the methods adopted between the Early Nationalists and Radicals, in the National Movement. 

Answer:

(a) (i) Organised the Grand Delhi Durbar

     (ii) Introduced the Vernacular Press Act

     (iii) Introduced the Indian Arms Act

    (iv) Reduced the maximum age to take up the ICS examination from 21 to 19 years.

    (v) Removed the import duties on the British goods and harmed the Indian industry.

    (vi) Ilbert Bill Controversy

(b) The press:

    (i) Spread the message of patriotism

    (ii) Spread the ideals of liberty, freedom and equality

    (iii) Popularised the ideas of Home Rule and Independence

     (iv) Carried on daily criticism of the British policies

     (v) Exposed the true nature of British rule in India

     (vi) Helped in the exchange of views among people from different parts of the country

     (vii) Made the Indians aware of what was happening in the world.

     (viii) Aroused public opinion in the country

(c) Early Nationalists 

    (i) They believed in the policy of constitutional agitation within the legal framework, and slow orderly political progress.

   (ii) They held meetings where speeches were made and resolutions for popular demands were passed.

   (iii) They made use of the press to criticise government policies,

   (iv) They sent memorandums and petitions.

    (v) They made use of three P’s – Petitions, Prayers and Protests.

    (vi) A British Committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in London in 1889, which published a weekly journal, India, to present India’s case before the British public.

(vii) Deputations of Indian leaders were sent to Britain. These political leaders carried on active propaganda in Britain.

Radicals: Methods: 

(i) Swadeshi

(ii) Boycott

(iii) National Education

(iv) Passive Resistance

(v) Revivalism

(vi) Personal Sacrifices

(vii) Mass movement

(viii) Aggressive or assertive method

Q.7 With reference to the picture given below, answer the following questions:

(a) (i) Identify the Memorial built for those who were killed in this incident.  

     (ii) Where did this incident take place?  

     (iii) Name the movement launched by Gandhi in 1920 as a consequence. 

(b) Explain briefly the reason for the suspension of this particular movement by Gandhi in 1922. 

(c) State any four impacts of the movement. 

Answer :

(a)

− Jallianwala Bagh Memorial

− Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar

− Non-Cooperation Movement

(b)

− The tragedy at Chauri Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh.

− A procession of about 3,000 peasants marched to the police station to protest against the police officer.

− Police fired at the peasants.

− Peasants reacted and set the police station on fire.

− 22 policemen were killed.

− Gandhiji, who believed in Ahimsa, was greatly shocked and withdrew the movement on February 12, 1922.

− A police officer had beaten some farmers picketing a liquor shop. (Narration of Incident with any of the three points cited in the answer)

(c) Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement:

− The National Movement became a Mass Movement (Gave a national base to the

Congress Party)

− Instilled Confidence, Patriotism among people.

− Congress became a revolutionary party

− Undermined the power and prestige of British government

− Fostered Hindu-Muslim unity.

− Promoted Social reforms (like removal of untouchability/promotion of khadi/setting up of national schools)

− Promoted the cult of Swaraj.

− Showed the true nature of the British.

− Spread Nationalism to every part of the country

− Affected British trade

− Showed power of passive resistance

 

Q.8 With reference to the National Movement from 1930 to 1947, answer the following: 

(a) State any three features of the Programme of the Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930. 

(b) What was the significance of the Second Round Table Conference held in 1931? 

(c) State any four clauses of the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. 

Answer :

(a) Gandhi reached Dandi on 5th April,1930 and next morning Gandhi violated the salt-laws by picking up some salt left by the sea waves. Gandhi’s campaign against the salt-laws was a signal to disobey – civil laws.

Civil Disobedience campaign involved:

− Defiance of salt laws.

− Boycott of liquor/schools and colleges/ Government jobs.

− Boycott of foreign cloth and British goods of all kinds.

− It also involved non-payment of taxes and land-revenue and violation of laws of different kinds, including forest laws.

− Spread to NWFP where Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan took the campaign against the government and he was called as Frontier Gandhi.

− Paralysed the British Government.

(b) Gandhi was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the Second Round Table Conference.

− The Second Round Conference devoted most of its time to the communal question and the representation of minorities-the Muslims, Sikhs, the Christians and Anglo-Indians-in legislatures both at the Centre and in the Provinces.

− Gandhi was disgusted to find that most leaders were concerned only about seats in the legislatures for their respective communities.

− The question of Independence or of setting up a Responsible Government receded into background.

− Gandhi returned ‘empty handed’ as he could not persuade the British government to grant Freedom or even the Dominion Status to India.

(c) (i) There would be a Federal Union comprising the British Provinces and the Princely states.

(ii) The Union government would be empowered to deal with defense, foreign affairs and communications.

(iii) The Union would have its own executive and legislature composed of members elected by all provinces.

(iv) A Constituent Assembly comprising 389 members would be set up to frame the new Constitution of the Indian Union. Of these members, 296 would be elected from the British Provinces and 93 members from the Princely States.

(v) The British Provinces would be divided into three groups on communal basis – Group A, B and C. The provinces could opt out of the groups and join another by majority of votes (Provincial autonomy).

(vi) The Provinces would enjoy full autonomy for all subjects of administration other than the Union subjects.

(vii) An Interim Government would be formed at the Centre with 14 members.

(viii) India would be free to remain within the British Commonwealth or secede from it.(Freedom to join Commonwealth)

Q.9 With reference to the Rise of Dictatorships and the Second World War, answer the  following: 

(a) State any three reasons for the Rise of Fascism in Italy. 

(b) Explain any three consequences of World War II. 

(c) Name the two rival blocs that fought against each other during World War II and state its signatory countries.

Answer :

(a) Rise of Fascism in Italy

− Dissatisfaction with the treaty of Versailles

− Economic crisis

− Political instability (Failure of democracy/corrupt democratic)

− Class conflicts

− Failure of League of Nations

− Leadership provided by Mussolini

− Fear of Communism

− Rise of Dictatorship (Totalitarianism)

(b) Consequences of Second World War:

− Destruction of life and property.

− Defeat of the Axis Powers by the Allied Powers.

− Many new weapons of mass destruction were invented and used.

− Formation of the UN.

− The world was divided into two power blocs – the Democratic or Capitalist bloc led by the USA and the Communist bloc led by the erstwhile Soviet Union.

− Beginning of Cold War between two power blocs.

− Division of Germany

− Japan became weak and its emperor reduced to constitutional head.

− Imperialism came to an end.

− Fall of dictatorship

− Decolonisation

− USA and the Soviet Union became super powers. (Any three points)

(c) Axis – Germany Italy & Japan

Allies – Britain, France, USSR and later USA joined the Allies. 

Q.10 The necessity to maintain International peace led to the establishment of the United  Nations Organisation. With reference to the statement, answer the following: 

(a) Write any three functions of UNESCO that preserves our ‘Cultural Heritage’. (b) State the Composition of the Security Council. 

(c) Write any four functions of the General Assembly. 

Answer :

(a) Preservation of Cultural Heritage:

− UNESCO provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of monuments and other works of art. It has prepared a World Heritage List to identify the monuments and sites which are to be protected.

− It aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts.

− It gives encouragement to artistic creations in literature and fine arts.

− It pays attention towards the cultural development through the medium of films.

− It sends cultural missions to different countries so that there would be development of contacts which may promote peace and prosperity.

− It helps the member states in the preservation of their cultural heritage.

− It encourages translation of rare manuscripts.

− It plays a vital role in distributing knowledge about Human Rights.

(b) Composition:

− The Council consists of 15 members.

− It has five permanent members – China, France, Russia, Britain and the United States of America.

− The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is:

(i) Afro-Asian Countries – 5

(ii) Latin American Countries – 2

(iii) West European and other Countries – 2

(iv) East European Countries – 1

− The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-third majority for a term of two years.

− A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.

− The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member states.

(c) Functions of General Assembly:

− To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes

− To promote political, social and economic cooperation

− To receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other organs of UN.

− To consider and approve the budget of the UN.

− To regulate the working of other organs and agencies of UN.

− To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council.

− To elect judges of the ICJ.

− To appoint Secretary General on the recommendation of Security Council.

− To amend the UN Charter.

− Functions under ‘Uniting for Peace Resolution’ 1950.

− New members are admitted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of

Security Council. 

SANSKRIT CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

SANSKRIT 

(Second Language) 

SECTION—A

प्रश्न: 1 अधोलिखितेषु विषयेषु एकं विषयम् आधृत्य 150-200 शब्दपरिमितं एकं लघुनिबन्धं संस्कृतभाषया लिखत –

 (i)शरीरमाद्यं खलु धर्मसाधनम् इत्युक्त्यनुसारं आरोग्यस्य महत्त्वं वर्णयत। 

 (ii) राष्ट्रियोत्सवेषु गणराज्योत्सवस्य आचरणम्। 

 (iii) समूहमाध्यमानां विषयमधिकृत्य निबन्धमेकं लिखत। 

 (iv) संस्कृतं ज्ञानस्य विज्ञानस्य च आकरम् अस्ति इति विषये प्रबन्धं लिखत। 

(v) प्रस्तुतचित्रं आधृत्य संस्कृतभाषया एकं लघुनिबन्धं लिखत –

प्रश्न: 2 अधोलिखितयोः विषययोः एकं विषयं आधृत्य संस्कृतभाषया पत्रं लिखत –

(i)अधिकवृष्टिकारणतः भवतः/भवत्याः प्रदेशे रोगभीतिः स×जाता। तन्निवारणार्थम् आरोग्याधिकारिणं प्रति पत्रं लिखत। 

(ii) भवतः/भवत्याः जन्मदिनस्य आह्नानं कृत्वा मित्रं प्रति पत्रं लिखत।

 

प्रश्न: 3 अधोलिखितम् अनुच्छेदं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि यथासंभवं स्वशब्देषु संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

          पुरा प्रकाशवीरः नाम राजा धर्मपुरि राज्ये शासनं करोति स्म। धर्मपुरि राज्यं परितः सान्द्राणि अरण्यानि आसन्। तत्र अनेके वनमृगाः वसन्ति स्म। मृगयां कर्तुं महाराजस्य महती आसक्तिरासीत्। अतः प्रजाः अपि प्रतिदिनम् अरण्यं गत्वा वनमृगान् मारयन्ति स्म। तेन वनमृगाः सर्वे व्याकुलाः आसन्। 

         एकदा कश्चन महान् व्याघ्रः तद्वनमागतः। एतेन भीताः जनाः राज्ञः समीपं गत्वा ‘‘प्रभो सः व्याघ्रः वनगतानां जनानाम् उपरि आक्रमणं कृत्या मारयति। अतः कृपया व्याघ्रात् अस्मान् रक्षतु’’ इति निवेदितवन्तः। 

          परेद्युः मृगयावेषेण महाराजः अरण्यं गत्वा सर्वत्र व्याघ्रस्य अन्वेषणं कृतवान्। ‘रात्रौ जलं पातुम् अयं व्याघ्रः नदीम् आगच्छत्येव। तदा तं मारयिष्यामि’ इति निश्चित्य समीपस्थं वृक्षमेकम् आरुह्य उपाविशत्। कि×िचत् समयानन्तरं एकः भयंकरः व्याघ्रः नदीसमीपम् आगतः। यदा राजा तं मारयितुम् उद्यतः तदैव व्याघ्रः अवदत् कृ ‘‘हे राजन् ! तिष्ठतु, भवान् किमर्थं मां मारयितुम् उद्यतः अस्ति ? मया कः अपराधः कृतः ?’’ इति। 

           महाराजः अकथयत् कृ ‘‘हे व्याघ्र ! त्वया मम राज्यस्य अनेकाः प्रजाः मारिताः। मम प्रजाजनाः त्वत्तः भीताः सन्ति। तेषां रक्षणं मम कर्त्तव्यमस्ति। अतः तेषां रक्षणार्थम् अहं त्वां मारयिष्यामि’’ इति। महाराजस्य वचनं श्रुत्वा व्याघ्रः हसित्वा अवोचत् कृ महाराज ! यं धर्मं भवान् पालयन्नस्ति तमेव धर्मम् अहमपि पालयन्नस्मि। अहम् अस्य वनस्य अधिपः। वनमृगाः मम प्रजाः सन्ति। तेषां रक्षणं मम धर्मः’’ इति। 

             व्याघ्रस्य वचनं श्रुत्वा लज्जितः राजा अ×जलिं बद्धवा कृ ‘‘हे व्याघ्रमहोदय ! त्वं मम अज्ञानं दूरीकृत्य ज्ञानोदयं कारितवान्। इतःपरं वनस्य वनमृगाणां च रक्षणमपि अहं करिष्यामि’’ इति वचनं दत्वा ‘‘कृपया मां क्षमस्य’’ इति उक्तवान्। 

(i)कुतः वनमृगाः व्याकुलाः अभवन् ? 

(ii) प्रजाः महाराजस्य समीपं गत्वा किं निवेदितवन्तः ? 

(iii) व्याघ्रः हसित्वा राजानं किम् अवोचत् ? 

(iv) राजा किं विचिन्त्य वृक्षमारुह्य उपाविशत् ? 

(v) महाराजः व्याघ्राय किं वचनं दत्तवान् ? 

 

प्रश्न: 4 अधोलिखितान् प्रश्नान् यथानिर्देशम् उत्तरत:-

(i)वाच्यपरिवर्तनं कुरुत:कृ 

    (अ) तेन महाकाव्यं पठ्यते। 

    (आ) बालिका धावति। 

(ii) प्रकृति-प्रत्ययविभजनं कृत्वा लिखत :-

     (अ) नेतुम् 

     (आ) वन्दमान 

(iii) सन्धि-विच्छेदं कुरुत :-

     (अ) महर्षिः 

      (आ) अग्निर्जायते 

(iv) केवलं समासविग्रहं कुरुत :-

     (अ) सीतारामौ 

     (आ) अनुचितम्। 

(v) संयोज्य लिखत :-

       (अ) द्रुपदस्य अपत्यं स्त्री ……………। 

       (आ) अस्ति देवः इति मतिः यस्य सः ………………..। 

(vi) अनुनासिक वर्णान् लिखत। 

(vii)लृट् लकारे परिवर्तनं कुरुत :-

       (अ) छात्रः विद्यालयं गच्छति। 

       (आ) गुरुः अज्ञानं परिहरति। 

(viii) वाक्यदोषान् परिहरत :-

      (अ) स्वस्ति प्रजानाम् 

      (आ) आराध्या आदित्यस्य सह क्रीडति। 

SECTION—B

संस्कृत वाणी-भाग-4 

महाकविः  कालिदासः 

प्रश्न: 5 अधोलिखितम् अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

            यद्यपि कालिदासः प्रख्यातः तथापि तस्य देशकालादीनां विषये कि×िचदपि न ज्ञायते। इदं अस्माकं दौर्भाग्यम्। कालिदासः अस्माकं कविः इति भारतदेशस्य सर्वेषां जनपदानां जनाः वदन्ति। सः भारतदेशे सर्वत्र स×चारं कृत्वा उज्जयिन्यां दीर्घकालम् अवसत् इति ऊहा अस्ति। 

(i)कालिदासः किमिति गौरवं प्राप्तवान् ? किमिति प्रसिद्धः च। 

(ii) कालिदासः कस्य नृपस्य आस्थाने आसीत् ? तेन सह स्थितानाम् इतर मौक्तिकानां नामानि कानि ? 

(iii) पुरा कवीनां गणनाप्रसंगे 

                कनिष्ठिकाधिष्ठित-कालिदासः। 

    अद्यापि तत्तुल्यकवेरभावात् 

               अनामिका सार्थवती बभूव।। 

    अस्य श्लोकस्य तात्पर्यं लिखत। 

(iv) कालिदासस्य कृतिषु के के अंशाः भवन्ति ? 

छात्रशिक्षणम् 

प्रश्न:  6 अधोलिखितम् अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

         आत्मसंयमरहितं शिक्षणं शिक्षणं न भवति। या विद्या मानवं दयालुं परोपकारिणं करोति सा एव सद्विद्या। शिक्षणस्य मुख्योद्देश्यं स्वार्थहितचिन्तकस्य संकुचित-मनोभावयुतस्य मानवकुलस्य निर्माणं नास्ति। यः मनुष्यः सम्यक् शिक्षणं गृहीतवान् तस्मिन् स्वतः प्रवर्तितं सानुकम्पं, सर्वेभ्यः जनेभ्यः अवधानं प्रवहति अविरोधेन। 

(i)किं यथार्थशिक्षणमिति सज्जनानाम् अभिप्रायः ? 

(ii) शिक्षणस्य लक्षणं किम् ? सम्यक् शिक्षणं छात्रेषु किं जनयति ? 

(iii) छात्राणां दैनन्दिक-जीवने के के गुणाः वर्धनीयाः ? शिक्षणस्य गुरुतरं कार्यं च किम् ? 

(iv) अधुना कस्याः आवश्यकता अस्ति। तदर्थं कै: प्रयत्नः करणीयः ? 

अमृतधारा 

प्रश्न: 7 अधोलिखितं अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

                संस्कृतसाहित्ये सुभाषितानां वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णं स्थानं विद्यते। रामायण-महाभारत-पुराण-काव्यादिषु अन्येषु ग्रन्थेषु च तत्र-तत्र सुभाषितानि कविभिः विनिवेशितानि। ईदृश-सुभाषितानां पृथक् संग्रहोऽपि तैः कृतः। 

(i)नरः स्वस्य चरितं कथम् अवेक्षेत ? 

(ii) व्याधितस्यार्थहीनस्य देशान्तरगतस्य च। 

      नरस्य शोकदग्धस्य सुहृद्दर्शनमौषधम्।। 

      अस्य श्लोकस्य तात्पर्यं लिखत। 

(iii) कुलीनः शीलगुणान् न त्यजति इति सुभाषिते कथं निरूपितम् ? 

(iv) वाग्भूषणमेव भूषणमिति श्लोके कथं निरूपितम् अस्ति ? 

संस्कृतवाणीकृभाग-5 

प्रार्थना 

प्रश्न: 8 अधोलिखितं अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानाम् उत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

           अ जनानन्दनं वीरं जानकी शोकनाशनम्। 

           कपीशम् अक्षहन्तारं वन्दे लङ्काभयङ्करम्।। 

          अनन्तनामधेयाय सर्वाकारविधायिने। 

          समस्तमन्त्रवाच्याय, विश्वैकपतये नमः।। 

(i)वक्रतुण्डः कीदृशः अस्ति ? सः किं करोति ? 

(ii) मातापिता गुरुः चैव स्वभावात् त्रितयं हितम्। 

      ग हीत्वा वचनं तेषां, सुखी भवति मानवः।। 

      अस्य श्लोकस्य तात्पर्यं लिखत। 

(iii) इदं सर्वं केन व्याप्तमस्ति ? मा गृधः कस्यस्वित् धनं कुतः ? 

(iv) एकः एव देवः सः सर्वेषां साक्षी भवति ? विवृणुत। 

परोपकारार्थमिदं शरीरम् 

प्रश्न: 9 अधोलिखितं अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

                 पुरा जनसंख्या न्यूना आसीत्। वनानां संख्या अधिका आसीत्। तेषु वनेषु अनेके क्रूराः मृगाः वसन्ति स्म। एकस्मिन् वने एकः लुब्धकः आसीत्। सः मृगान् गृहीत्वा तेषां मांसं चर्मादिकं विक्रीय धनार्जनं कुर्वन् आसीत्। 

(i)परोपकारिणां स्वभावं उदाहरणसहितं विवृणुत। 

(ii) लुब्धकः किमर्थं वृक्षम् आरुह्य उपाविशत् ? 

(iii) परिश्रान्तं लुब्धकं दृष्ट्वा वृकः किम् अवदत् ? 

(iv) व्याधस्य प्रतीक्षायां स्थितः शार्दूलः वृकं प्रति किम् अवदत् ? 

अमृतवाहिनी 

प्रश्न: 10 अधोलिखितं अवतरणं पठित्वा तस्याधोलिखितानां प्रश्नानामुत्तराणि संस्कृतभाषया देयानि :-

          सुभाषितं नाम सुष्ठुभाषितम्। संस्कृतवाङ्मयस्य सुभाषितानि सुप्रसिद्धानि सन्ति। 

(i)कः साक्षात्पशुः ? पशूनां भागधेयं किम् ? 

(ii) कीदृशीं विद्यां कीदृशं धनं च अनुपयुक्तम् इति परिगणयन्ति ? 

(iii) ‘‘सन्तोषः एव पुरुषस्य परं निधानम्’’ श्लोकानुसारं विवृणुत। 

(iv) मनसि वचसि काये पुण्यपीयूषपूर्णाः 

       त्रिभुवनमुपकारश्रेणिभिः प्रीणयन्तः 

       परगुणपरमाणून् पर्वतीकृत्यनित्यं 

       निजहृदि विकसन्तः सन्ति सन्तः कियन्तः।। 

HINDI CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

हिन्दी

(Second Language)

भाग -A

प्रश्न.1 निम्नलिखित विषयों में से किसी एक विषय पर हिन्दी में लगभग 250 शब्दों में संक्षिप्त लेख लिखिए –

(i) आपके विद्यालय में एक मेले का आयोजन किया गया था। यह किस अवसर पर, किस  उद्देश्य से किया गया था ? उसके लिए आपने क्या-क्या तैयारियाँ कीं ? आपने और आपके मित्रों ने एवम शिक्षकों ने उसमें क्या सहयोग दिया था ? इन बिन्दुओं को आधार बनाकर एक प्रस्ताव विस्तार से लिखिए। 

(ii) यात्रा एक उत्तम रुचि है। यात्रा करने से ज्ञान तो बढ़ता ही है, स्थान विशेष की संस्-ति तथा परंपराओं का परिचय भी मिलता है। अपनी किसी यात्रा के अनुभव तथा रोमांच का वर्णन करते हुए एक प्रस्ताव लिखिए। 

(iii) ‘वन है तो भविष्य है’ आज हम उसी भविष्य को नष्ट कर रहे हैं, कैसे ? कथन को स्पष्ट करते हुए जीवन में वनों के महत्व पर अपने विचार लिखिए। 

(iv) एक मौलिक कहानी लिखिए जिसका अन्त प्रस्तुत वाक्य से किया गया हो – और मैंने राहत की साँस लेते हुए सोचा कि आज मेरा मानव जीवन सफल हो गया। 

(v) नीचे दिए गए चित्र को ध्यान से देखिए और चित्र को आधार बनाकर उसका परिचय देते हुए कोई लेख, घटना अथवा कहानी लिखिये, जिसका सीधा व स्पष्ट सम्बन्ध, चित्र से होना चाहिये। 

उत्तर :

(i) मेरे विद्यालय में मेले का आयोजन

आज का युग विज्ञापन व प्रदर्शन का युग है। इस भौतिकवादी युग में नगरों तथा ग्रामों में तरह-तरह के मेलों का आयोजन किया जा रहा है। ऐसे ही आयोजन विद्यालयों व महाविद्यालयों में किए जा रहे हैं। ऐसी ही कई प्रदर्शनियाँ हमारे नगर में भी लगती रहती हैं जिनका संबंध पुस्तकों, विज्ञान के उपकरणों, वस्त्रों आदि से होता है। मैं गत रविवार अपने विद्यालय में आयोजित ऐसे ही एक भव्य मेले में गया। मुझे बताया गया था कि वह प्रदर्शनी जैसे स्वरूप का मेला अब तक की सबसे बड़ी प्रदर्शनी है जिसमें देशविदेश की कई बड़ी-बड़ी कंपनियाँ और निर्माता अपने उत्पादों को प्रदर्शित कर रहे हैं।

इसी बात को ध्यान में रखकर मैं अपने पिताजी के साथ उस ‘एपेक्स ट्रेड फेयर’ नामक त्रि-दिवसीय मेले में चला गया।। मेला सचमुच विशाल एवं भव्य था। विद्यालय के सभागार के अतिरिक्त बाहर के पंडालों में भी शामियाने के नीचे स्टाल लगे हुए थे। हम पहले हॉल में गए। वहाँ सबसे पहले मोबाइल कंपनियों के स्टाल थे। नोकिया, सैमसंग, एयरटेल, वोडाफ़ोन, पिंग, रिलायंस आदि मुख्य कंपनियाँ थीं। सभी ने छूट और पैकेज की सूचनाएं लगा रखी थीं। सेल्समैन आगंतुकों को लुभाने के लिए अपनी-अपनी बातें रख रहे थे।

आगे बढ़े तो इलेक्ट्रॉनिक का सामान दिखाई दिया जिसमें मुख्यतः माइक्रोवेव, एल.सी.डी., डी.वी.डी., कार स्टीरियो, कार टी.वी., ब्लैंडर, मिक्सर, ग्राईंडर, जूसर, वैक्यूम क्लीनर, इलैक्ट्रिक चिमनी, हेयर कटर, हेयर ड्रायर, गीजर, हीटर, कन्वैक्टर, एयर कंडीशनर आदि अनेकानेक उत्पादों से जुड़ी कंपनियों के प्रतिनिधि अपना-अपना उत्पाद गर्व सहित प्रदर्शित कर रहे थे।

इन मेलों का मुख्य लाभ यही है कि हम इनमें प्रदर्शन (फ्री डैमो) की क्रिया भी देख सकते हैं कि कौन-सा उत्पाद कैसे संचालित होगा और उसका परिणाम क्या सामने आएगा। अगले स्टालों पर गृह-सज्जा का सामान प्रदर्शित किया गया था। उसमें पर्दो, कालीनों और फानूसों की अधिकता थी। हॉल से बाहर आए तो हमें सबसे पहले खाद्य-पदार्थों और पेय-पदार्थों के स्टॉल दिखाई दिए। इनमें नमकीन, भुजिया, बिस्कुट, चॉकलेट, पापड़ी, अचार, चटनी, जैम, कैंडी, स्क्वैश, रस, मुरब्बे, सवैया आदि से जुड़े तरह-तरह के ब्रांड प्रदर्शित किए गए थे। चखने के लिए कटोरों में नमकीन रखे गए थे। पेय-पदार्थों को भी चख कर देखा जा रहा था।

मेले के अगले चरण में वस्त्रों को दिखाया जा रहा था। इन स्टालों पर पुरुषों और स्त्रियों के वस्त्र प्रदर्शित किए गए थे। पोशाकों पर उनके नियत दाम भी लिखे गए थे। साड़ियों की तो भरमार थी। उसके आगे आभूषणों और साज-सज्जा (मेकअप) के सामान प्रदर्शित किए थे। इन उत्पादों में महिलाओं की अधिक रुचि होती है। यही कारण था कि इस कोने में स्त्रियां ही स्त्रियाँ दिखाई दे रही थीं।

इसके साथ ही हस्तशिल्प, हथकरघा और कुटीर उद्योगों द्वारा बना सामान दिखाया जा रहा था। हाथ के बने खिलौनों की खूब बिक्री हो रही थी। कुछ लोग हाथ से बुने थैले, स्वैटर और मैट खरीद रहे थे। सबके बाद मूर्तियों तथा तैल चित्रों को दिखाने का प्रबंध था। यह विलासिता का कोना था क्योंकि उनमें से कोई भी वस्तु पांच हजार रुपयों से कम मूल्य की नहीं थी। वहाँ इक्का-दुक्का लोग थे।

इस प्रकार हमने मेले में जाकर न केवल उत्पादों के दर्शन किए परंतु उनके उपयोग की विधियों की भी जानकारी ली। खरीद के नाम पर हमने दो लखनवी कुर्ते, एक थैला, दो प्रकार के आचार तथा एक छोटा-सा लकड़ी का खिलौना खरीदा। सचमुच इस प्रकार के मेले आज के विज्ञापन तथा प्रतिस्पर्धा के युग में विशेष महत्व रखते हैं। मेले के साथ-साथ हमारे विद्यालय का नाम भी सुर्खियों में आ गया।

 

प्रश्न.2 निम्नलिखित में से किसी एक विषय पर हिन्दी में लगभग 120 शब्दों में पत्र लिखिए –

(i) आप अपने परिवार के साथ किसी एक प्रदर्शनी (Exhibition) को देखने गए थे। वहाँ पर आपने क्या-क्या देखा ? वहाँ कौन-कौन सी चीजों ने आकर्षित किया ? जीवन में उनकी क्या उपयोगिता है ? अपना अनुभव बताते हुए अपने प्रिय मित्र को पत्र लिखिये। 

(ii) दिन-प्रतिदिन बढ़ते हुए जल संकट की ओर ध्यान आकर्षित करते हुए नगर-पालिका के अध्यक्ष को एक पत्र लिखिए जिसमें वर्षा के जल का संचयन (rain water harvesting)करने के लिए व्यापक स्तर पर परियोजना चलाने का सुझाव दिया गया हो।

उत्तर :

(i) परीक्षा भवन,

——– नगर।

दिनांक : 18.9.20…….

प्रिय मित्र सुमंत,

सप्रेम नमस्कार। आशा है तुम स्वस्थ एवं सानंद होंगे। आज मैं तुम्हें अपना ऐसा अनुभव बताने जा रहा हूँ जिसे मैंने अपने परिवार के साथ एक प्रदर्शनी में जाकर प्राप्त किया। मित्र! गत सप्ताह हमारे नगर में हस्तशिल्प की एक भव्य प्रदर्शनी आयोजित की गई। प्रदर्शनी पूरे सप्ताह चलने वाली थी, परंतु हम दूसरे ही दिन प्रदर्शनी देखने चले गए क्योंकि मुझे हस्तशिल्प के प्रति विशेष उत्साह था। मैं प्रदर्शनी में लोगों की कारीगरी देखकर दंग रह गया।

मैंने प्राचीन हस्तकला के ऐसे नमूने कभी नहीं देखे थे। सबसे बड़ा विस्मय इस बात पर हुआ कि ग्रामीण लोगों ने कूड़ा समझी जाने वाली तुच्छ वस्तुओं से सुंदर कालीन, पायदान, चित्र, पत्रिका-स्टैंड, फ्रेम, मेजपोश, टोकरियाँ, आसन-न जाने कितनी आकर्षक वस्तुएँ बना डाली थीं। शहतूत और बाँस की टहनियों से बनी वस्तुओं का तो रूप ही निराला था। वस्त्रों में रेशम, पशमीना व सूती कपड़ों पर भव्य कारीगरी दिखाई गई थी। हमने भी कुछ वस्त्र खरीदे और शाम होने पर घर आए। ऐसी ही प्रदर्शनी कभी फिर लगी, तो तुम्हें अवश्य सूचित करूँगा। तुम्हें बहुत आनंद आएगा।

तुम्हारा अभिन्न मित्र

क.ख. ग.

(ii) सेवा में,

अध्यक्ष महोदय,

नगरपालिका,

——- नगर।

विषय : नगर में बढ़ रहा जल संकट।

मान्य महोदय,

मैं इस पत्र द्वारा आपका ध्यान नगर में दिन-प्रतिदिन बढ़ते जल संकट की ओर दिलाना चाहता हूँ। महोदय, हमारे नगर में जल सुविधाएँ नाममात्र हैं। प्रातः जल आपूर्ति पाँच से सात तक रहती है। दुपहर को आपूर्ति बंद रहती है। संध्या समय सात से आठ तक पानी आता है। जिन लोगों के घरों में हैंडपंप लगे हैं, उन्हें भी भारी असुविधा का सामना करना पड़ रहा है क्योंकि जल-स्तर बहुत नीचे चला गया है। मेरी आपसे प्रार्थना है कि नगर में शिविर लगाकर लोगों को वर्षा के जल का संचयन करने की ओर प्रेरित किया जाए।

संभव हो तो ऐसी व्यवस्था करने के लिए अनुदान की भी कुछ-न-कुछ व्यवस्था की जानी चाहिए। इससे लोगों को तो राहत मिलेगी ही, साथ ही साथ नगरपालिका के कार्य में भी सहजता आ सकेगी। राजस्थान के लोग वर्षा जल संचयन (Rain Water Harvesting) में अत्यंत दक्ष हैं। हमें उनसे प्रेरणा लेकर इस जल संकट का समाधान करना चाहिए।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय,

क. ख. ग.

207/40

न्यू शीतल नगर

——– प्रदेश

दिनांक : 20-06-20…….

 

प्रश्न.3 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढ़िए तथा उसके नीचे लिखे गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए। उत्तर यथासंभव आपके अपने शब्दों में होने चाहिए –

     एक रियासत थी। उसका नाम था कंचनगढ़। वहाँ बहुत गरीबी थी। लोग कमज़ोर थे और धरती में कुछ उगता न था। चारों और भुखमरी थी। एक दिन राजा कंचनदेव राज्य की दशा से चिंतित हो उठे। अचानक उनके पास एक साधु आए। राजा ने उन्हें प्रणाम किया। राजा ने साधु को अपने राज्य के बारे में बताया और कुछ उपाय करने की प्रार्थना की। साधु मुस्कराकर बोले -‘‘कंचनगढ़ के नीचे सोने की खान है।’’ इतना कहकर साधु चले गए। 

       राजा ने खुदाई करवाई। वहाँ सोने की खान निकली। राजा का खजाना सोने से भर गया। राजा ने अपने राज्य में जगह-जगह मुफ़्त भोजनालय बनवाए, दवाखाने खुलवाए, चारागाह बनवाए तथा अन्य सुख-सुविधा के साधन उपलब्ध करा दिए। अब वहाँ कोई दुखी नहीं था। सब लोग खुश थे। धीरे-धीरे लोग आलसी हो गए। कोई काम नहीं करता था। भोजन तक मुफ़्त में मिलने लगा था। मंत्री ने राजा को बहुत समझाया और कहा – ‘‘महाराज, लोग आलसी होते जा रहे हैं। उनको काम दिया जाए।’’ परंतु राजा ने मंत्री की बात को टाल दिया। 

        कंचनगढ़ की समृद्धि को देखकर पड़ोसी रियासत के राजा को ईर्ष्या हुई। उसने अचानक कंचनगढ़ पर चढ़ाई कर दी और माँग की – ‘‘सोना दो या लड़ो।’’ कंचनगढ़ के आलसी लोगों ने राजा से कहा – ‘‘हमारे पास बहुत सोना है, कुछ दे दें। बेकार खून क्यों बहाया जाए ?’’ राजा ने लोगों की बात मान ली और सोना दे दिया। कुछ दिनों बाद उसी पड़ोसी राजा ने कंचनगढ़ पर फिर चढ़ाई कर दी। इस बार उसका लालच और बढ़ गया था। इसी प्रकार उसने कई बार चढ़ाई कर-करके कंचनगढ़ से सोना ले लिया। यह सब देखकर राजा का मंत्री बहुत परेशान हो गया। वह राजा को समझाना चाहता था, किन्तु राजा के सम्मुख कुछ बोलने की हिम्मत नहीं हो पा रही थी। अंत में उसने युक्ति से काम लिया। 

       एक दिन मंत्री कंचनदेव को घुमाने के लिए नगर के पूर्व की ओर बने गुलाब के बाग़ की ओर ले गया। राजा कंचनदेव ने देखा कि बाग में दाने बिखरे पड़े हैं। कबूतर दाना चुग रहे हैं। थोड़ी दूर कुछ कबूतर मरे पड़े हैं। कुछ भी समझ में न आने पर राजा ने मरे हुए कबूतरों के बारे में मंत्री से पूछा। 

          मंत्री ने बताया – ‘‘महाराज, इन्हें शिकारी पक्षियों ने मारा है।’’ राजा ने पूछा – ‘‘तो कबूतर भागते क्यों नहीं’’ ‘‘भागते हैं लेकिन लालच में फिर से आ जाते हैं, क्योंकि उनके लिए यहाँ, आपकी आज्ञा से दाना डाला जाता है।’’ – मंत्री ने बताया। राजा ने कहा – ‘‘दाना डलवाना बंद कर दो।’’ मंत्री ने वैसा ही किया।

          राजा अगले दिन फिर घूमने निकले। उन्होंने देखा कि दाना तो नहीं है, किन्तु कबूतर आ-जा रहे हैं। राजा ने मंत्री से इसका कारण पूछा। मंत्री ने बताया – ‘‘महाराज, इन्हें बिना प्रयास के ही दाना मिल रहा था। यह अब दाने-चारे की तलाश की आदत भूल चुके हैं, आलसी हो गए हैं। शिकारी पक्षी इस बात को जानते हैं कि कबूतर तो यहीं आएँगे अतः वे इन्हें आसानी से मार डालते हैं।’’ राजा चिंता में पड़ गए। उन्होंने शाम को मंत्री को बुलाकर कहा – ‘‘नगर के सारे मुफ़्त भोजनालय बंद करवा दो। जो मेहनत करे, वही खाए। लोग निकम्मे और आलसी होते जा रहे हैं। और हाँ, एक बात और। मैं अब शत्रु को सोना नहीं दूँगा, बल्कि उससे लड़ाई करूँगा। जाओ, सेना को मज़बूत करो।’’ मंत्री राजा की बात सुनकर बहुत खुश हो गया। 

 

(i) राजा कंचनदेव की चिन्ता का क्या कारण था ? उन्होंने साधु से क्या प्रार्थना की ?

(ii) साधु ने राजा को क्या बताया ? उसके बाद राजा ने राज्य के लिए क्या-क्या कार्य किये ? 

(iii) पड़ोसी राजा के आक्रमण करने पर कंचनगढ़ का राजा क्या करता था और क्यों ? 

(iv) कबूतरों की दशा कैसी थी ? उस दशा को देखकर राजा ने क्या सीखा ? 

(v) राजा ने मंत्री को क्या आदेश दिए ? आदेश सुनकर मंत्री की क्या स्थिति हुई ? 

उत्तर : (i) राजा की चिंता का कारण राज्य की गरीबी, लोगों की कमजोरी व चारों ओर फैली भुखमरी थी। उसने साधु से राज्य के विषय में चर्चा करके कुछ उपाय करने की प्रार्थना की।

(ii) साधु ने राजा को बताया कि उसके राज्य कंचनगढ़ के नीचे सोने की खान है। राजा ने खुदाई करवाकर सोना प्राप्त किया और अपने राज्य में मुफ़्त भोजनालय और दवाखाने खुलवा दिए। चरागाह बनवाए और अन्य सुख-सुविधा के साधन उपलब्ध करवाए।

(iii) पड़ोसी रियासत के राजा के आक्रमण करने पर राजा सोने का कुछ भाग दे देता था क्योंकि उसकी प्रजा लड़कर खून बहाने के स्थान पर कुछ सोना देने का विचार रखती थी, क्योंकि मुफ्त सुविधाएँ पाकर लोग आलसी हो चुके थे।

(iv) कुछ कबूतर दाना चुग रहे थे और कुछ मरे पड़े थे। राजा के पूछने पर मंत्री ने बताया कि कबूतर भागते नहीं क्योंकि वे दाने के लालची हो गए हैं। राजा की आज्ञा से उन्हें मुफ़्त दाना डाला जाता है। इस दशा को देखकर राजा को कर्म करने का महत्त्व समझ में आ गया और उसने दाना डलवाना बंद कर दिया।

(v) राजा ने मंत्री को आदेश दिए कि आलसी और निकम्मों के लिए स्थापित सारे मुफ़्त भोजनालय बंद कर दिए जाएँ। परिश्रम करने वाला ही खाए। अब शत्रु को सोना नहीं दिया जाएगा। सेना मज़बूत की जाए और लड़ाई करके शत्रु को परास्त किया जाए।

प्रश्न.4 निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर निर्देशानुसार लिखिए:- 

(i) निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से किन्हीं दो शब्दों के विलोम लिखिए:-  अपना, देव, नवीन, सम्मानित। 

 

(ii) निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से किसी एक शब्द के दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिए – इच्छा, आदेश, शिक्षक। 

(iii) निम्नलिखित शब्दों में किन्हीं दो शब्दों से भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाइए –  सफेद, युवा, हिंसक, जागना। 

(iv) निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से किन्हीं दो शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखिये – कवित्री, अशीरवाद, -तग्य, विदूशी। 

 

(v) निम्नलिखित मुहावरों में से किसी एक की सहायता से वाक्य बनाइए – चंपत होना, डींग हाँकना। 

 

(vi)कोष्ठक में दिए गए वाक्यों में निर्देशानुसार परिवर्तन कीजिए – 

     (a) प्राचीन काल में लोग पत्तों की बनी कुटिया में रहते थे। (रेखांकित का एक शब्द लिखते हुए वाक्य पुनः लिखिए)

     (b) बीमार होने के कारण सुमन समारोह में नहीं आ सकी। (इसलिए’ का प्रयोग कर वाक्य पुनः लिखिए, )

     (c) बच्चे आम तोड़ने के लिए वृक्षों पर चढ़ गए थे। (वचन बदलिए)

उत्तर :

(i) पराया, दानव/राक्षस, प्राचीन, अपमानित।

(ii) इच्छा-अभिलाषा, कामना। आदेश-आज्ञा, हुकम, समादेश। शिक्षक-अध्यापक, आचार्य।

(iii) सफ़ेदी, यौवन, हिंसा, जागृति।

(iv) कवयित्री, आशीर्वाद, कृतज्ञ, विदुषी।

(v) चोर भरे बाज़ार में महिला का पर्स छीनकर चंपत हो गया। कर्म करने से सफलता मिलती है, डींग हाँकने से नहीं।

(vi) (a) प्राचीनकाल में लोग पर्णकुटी में रहते थे।

       (b) सुमन बीमार थी इसलिए समारोह में नहीं आ सकी।

       (c) बच्चा आम तोड़ने के लिए वृक्ष पर चढ़ गया था।

भाग—B

साहित्य सागर-संक्षिप्त कहानियाँ 

          (Sahitya Sagar–Short Stories)

प्रश्न.5 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

        उसके अन्तस्तल में वह शोक जाकर बस गया था। वह प्रायः अकेला बैठा-बैठा शून्य मन से आकाश की ओर ताका करता। एक दिन उसने ऊपर आसमान में पतंग उड़ती देखी। न जाने क्या सोचकर उसका हृदय एकदम खिल उठा। विश्वेश्वर के पास जाकर बोला, ‘‘काका ! मुझे एक पतंग मँगा दो।’’ 

                                                                                  (काकी’-सियारामशरण गुप्त) [‘Kaki’—Siyaramsharan Gupt] 

(i) ‘उसके’ शब्द का प्रयोग किसके लिए किया गया है ? उसके दुखी होने का क्या कारण था ? (ii) क्या देखकर उसका हृदय खिल उठा था ? उसने अपने पिता से क्या माँगा ? 

(iii) उसने उस चीज का प्रबंध कैसे किया ? क्या उसके इस कार्य को अपराध कहना उचित होगा ? समझाइए। 

 

(iv) विश्वेश्वर ने बालक के साथ कैसा व्यवहार किया ? संक्षेप में समझाते हुए उनके इस तरह के व्यवहार का कारण तथा सच्चाई जानने के बाद की स्थिति का भी वर्णन कीजिए। 

उत्तर : (i) ‘उसके’ शब्द का प्रयोग श्यामू के लिए किया गया है। उसके दुखी होने का कारण उसकी माँ की मृत्यु थी।

 

(ii) एक दिन श्यामू अकेला बैठा आकाश की ओर ताक रहा था तो उसने एक उड़ती पतंग देखी। पतंग देखकर उसका हृदय खिल उठा। उसने अपने पिता से एक पतंग माँगी।

(iii) पिता ने ‘हाँ’ करके भी श्यामू को पतंग लाकर नहीं दी तो उसने पिता के कोट से एक चवन्नी चुरा ली और सुखिया दासी के पुत्र भोला से पतंग मँगवा ली। यह कार्य चोरी के अपराध में आता है परंतु अपनी माँ के मोह में जकड़े श्यामू के लिए यह कतई अपराध न था।

(iv) विश्वेश्वर को अपने कोट से रुपया चोरी होने का पता चला तो वे श्यामू से पूछते हैं। डरकर भोला ने सारी कहानी बता दी। पिता ने श्यामू के दो तमाचे जड़ दिए और पतंग फाड़ डाली। परंतु जब उन्हें चोरी के कारण – का पता चला तो उनका सारा क्रोध शांत हो गया और उनके मन में पीड़ा जाग उठी।

प्रश्न.6 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

               विदेशों में उसके चित्रों की धूम मच गयी। भिखारिन और दो अनाथ बच्चों के उस चित्र की प्रशंसा में तो अखबारों के कॉलम के कॉलम भर गए। शोहरत से ऊँचे कगार पर बैठ चित्रा जैसे अपना सब कुछ भूल गयी। 

                                                                                       (दो कलाकार’-मन्नु भंडारी) [‘Do Kalakar’—MannuBhandari] 

(i) ‘उसके चित्रों’ से क्या तात्पर्य है ? समझाइए। 

(ii) चित्रा कौन थी ? उसके चरित्र की मुख्य विशेषता को बताइए। 

(iii) अरूणा कौन थी जब उसे भिखारिन वाली घटना का पता चला तो उसपर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा और उसने क्या किया ? 

 

(iv) चित्रकारिता और समाज सेवा में आप किसे उपयोगी मानते हैं और क्यों ? कहानी के      माध्यम से समझाइए। 

उत्तर :

(i) ‘उसके चित्रों’ से तात्पर्य चित्रा द्वारा बनाए गए चित्रों से है। वह एक श्रेष्ठ कलाकार थी और उसके चित्रों का संबंध जीवन से न होकर केवल कला से था।

(ii) चित्रा धनी पिता की इकलौती बेटी है। उसका शौक चित्रकला है। उसमें मानवता और संवेदना की कमी है। उसकी दृष्टि कला को कला के लिए मानने वाली है।

(iii) अरूणा चित्रा की सहपाठिन सखी थी। उसके जीवन का उद्देश्य मानवता की सेवा है। वह भिखारिन की मृत्यु पर उसके दोनों बच्चों को अपना लेती है।

(iv) चित्रकारिता और समाजसेवा में निश्चित रूप से समाजसेवा उपयोगी है क्योंकि इसका संबंध मानवता से है। जो कला जीवन को महत्त्व न दे, वह कला नहीं है। कला और कलाकार वही सार्थक है जो अरूणा की तरह संवेदना से भरा हो। चित्र जैसा भौतिकवादी कलाकार मानवता के लिए व्यर्थ है।

प्रश्न.7 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

            मैंने देखा कि कुहरे की सफेदी में कुछ ही हाथ दूर से एक काली सी मूर्ति हमारी तरफ आ रही थी। मैंने कहा – ‘‘होगा कोई।’’ तीन गज की दूरी से दिख पड़ा, एक लड़का, सिर के बड़े-बड़े बाल खुजलाता चला आ रहा था। नंगे पैर, नंगे सिर, एक मैली सी कमीज़ लटकाए है। 

                                                                               (अपना-अपना भाग्य’-जैनेन्द्र कुमार)[‘Apna-Apna Bhagya’—Jainendra Kumar] 

(i) यहाँ पर किस बालक के सन्दर्भ में कहा गया है ? उस समय उसकी क्या स्थिति थी ? 

(ii) बालक ने अपने घर-परिवार के सम्बन्ध में क्या-क्या बताया ? 

(iii) इस समय उस बालक के सामने कौनसी समस्या थी ? क्या उस समस्या का हल हो पाया ? यदि नहीं तो क्यों ? 

 

(iv) इस कहानी के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें क्या सन्देश देना चाहा है ? उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिये। 

 

उत्तर : (i) यहाँ पर एक ऐसे निर्धन, असहाय और शोषित पहाड़ी बालक के विषय में कहा गया है जो बर्फ में ठिठुर कर दम तोड़ देता है। उसके सिर, पैर, नंगे थे। शरीर पर केवल एक मैली-सी कमीज़ थी।

 

(ii) बालक ने बताया कि वह गरीबी से तंग आकर नैनीताल भाग आया है। उसके माता-पिता पंद्रह कोस दूर गाँव में रहते हैं। उसके कई भाई-बहन और माँ-बाप भूखे रह रहे थे।

(iii) इस समय बालक के सामने रात काटने की और बर्फ के प्रकोप से बचने की समस्या थी। उसे उस दुकान पर से हटा दिया गया था, जहाँ वह काम करने के बाद सोता था। यह समस्या हल नहीं हो सकी क्योंकि वकील जैसे भद्रपुरुषों में मानवता नाम की कोई भावना नहीं थी।

(iv) प्रस्तुत कहानी द्वारा लेखक ने बताया है कि आज के लोगों में दया और मानवता की भावना शून्य होती जा रही है। लोग किसी विवश व अभावग्रस्त दुखी बालक पर दया नहीं दिखाते। वकील साहब जैसे लोग स्वार्थी, हृदयहीन और संवेदनहीन हैं। इसी निर्ममता ने बालक की जान ले ली।

साहित्य सागर – पद्य भाग 

       (Sahitya Sagar–Poems) 

प्रश्न.8 निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

              ‘‘मैया मेरी, चंद्र खिलौना लेहौं।। 

               धौरी को पय पान न करिहौं, बेनी सिर न गुथैहौं। 

               मोतिन माल न धरिहौं उर पर झुंगली कंठ न लैहौं। 

               जैहौं लोट अबहिं धरनी पर, तेरी गोद न ऐहौं।। 

                लाल कहैहौं नंद बाबा को, तेरो सुत न कहैहौं।।’’ 

                                                                                 (‘सूर के पद’-सूरदास) [‘Sur Ke Pad’–Surdas] 

(i) प्रस्तुत पद्य में कौन अपनी माता से ज़िद कर रहे हैं ? वे क्या प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं ? 

(ii) उनकी माता कौन हैं ? वे अपने पुत्र को देखकर कैसा अनुभव कर रही हैं ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

(iii) खिलौना न मिलने की स्थिति में बाल -ष्ण अपनी माँ को क्या-क्या धमकियाँ दे रहे हैं ?  स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

(iv) रूठे हुए बालक को बहलाने के लिए माँ क्या कहती है ? बालक पर उसका क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है ? सूरदास जी की भक्ति भावना का परिचय देते हुए समझाइए। 

 

उत्तर : (i) प्रस्तुत पद्य में कवि सूरदास ने वात्सल्य रस का चित्रण किया है। कृष्ण की बाल-लीला अद्भुत है। वे अपनी माता यशोदा से चाँद को खिलौने के रूप में माँग रहे हैं।

 

(ii) कृष्ण की माता यशोदा है। वे अपने पुत्र की बालसुलभ लीलाओं को देख-सुनकर मंत्रमुग्ध हो रही हैं। उन्हें अपने पुत्र के बाल हठ पर आनंद का अनुभव हो रहा है।

(iii) बाल कृष्ण अपनी माँ को दूध न पीने, चोटी न गुँथवाने, मोतियों की माला न पहनने, गले में झंगलि न पहनने धरती पर लेटने, गोद में न आने और यशोदा के स्थान पर नंद का पुत्र कहलाने की धमकियाँ दे रहे हैं।

(iv) यशोदा अत्यंत चतुराई से कृष्ण के कान में कहती हैं कि वे उसके लिए चंद्र से भी सुंदर दुलहन लाएँगी। माँ की यह रहस्य भरी बात सुनकर कृष्ण चंद्र रूपी खिलौना लेने का हठ भूल गए और तुरंत विवाह करवाने का हठ करने लगे। इस पद्य में सूरदास की वात्सल्य भाव की भक्ति का मनोरम वर्णन है।

प्रश्न.9 निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

                   ‘‘न्यायोचित सुख सुलभ नहीं 

                     जब तक मानव-मानव को 

                    चैन कहाँ धरती पर तब तक 

                    शांति कहाँ इस भव को ? 

                    जब तक मनुज-मनुज का यह 

                    सुख भाग नहीं सम होगा 

                    शमित न होगा कोलाहल 

                    संघर्ष नहीं कम होगा।“ 

                                   (स्वर्ग बना सकते हैं’-रामधारी सिंह ‘दिनकर’)[‘Swarg Bana Sakte Hai’—Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’] 

 

(i) ‘भव’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है ? कवि के अनुसार इस भव में शांति क्यों नहीं है ? 

(ii) शब्दों के अर्थ लिखिए – न्यायोचित, सम, सुलभ, कोलाहल। 

(iii) ‘शमित न होगा कोलाहल संघर्ष नहीं कम होगा’ पंक्ति का भावार्थ लिखिए। 

(iv) उपरोक्त पंक्तियाँ ‘दिनकर जी’ की किस प्रसिद्ध रचना से ली गई है ? कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव लिखते हुए बताइए। 

 

उत्तर :

(i) ‘भव’ शब्द का अर्थ है-संसार । कवि का विचार है कि जब तक मनुष्य को धरती पर न्यायसंगत सुख प्राप्त नहीं होते, तब तक संसार में शांति संभव नहीं।

(ii) न्याय की दृष्टि से उचित, समान, सुगम रूप से उपलब्ध, शोर।

(iii) इस पंक्ति का अर्थ है कि जब तक संसार में समाज-सापेक्ष दृष्टि नहीं उपजती, तब तक संघर्ष और असंतोष का शोर कम नहीं होगा।

(iv) प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ रामधारी सिंह दिनकर जी की प्रसिद्ध रचना ‘कुरुक्षेत्र’ से ली गई हैं। इस कविता का केंद्रीय भाव समतावाद से जुड़ा हुआ है। कवि का विचार है कि यदि हम प्रकृति द्वारा दी गई वस्तुओं व उपहारों का समान रूप से उपभोग करें तो यह धरती स्वर्ग बन सकती है और संघर्ष मिट सकते हैं।

प्रश्न.10 निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए रू-

             जन्मे जहाँ थे रघुपति जन्मी जहाँ थी सीता। 

            श्रीकृष्ण ने सुनाई, वंशी पुनीत गीता।। 

           गौतम ने जन्म लेकर जिसका सुयश बढ़ाया। 

           जग को दया दिखाई, जग को दिया दिखाया।। 

           वह युद्धभूमि मेरी, वह बुद्धभूमि मेरी। 

           वह जन्मभूमि मेरी, वह मातृभूमि मेरी।। 

                                   (वह जन्मभूमि मेरी’- सोहनलाल द्विवेदी) [‘Wah Janamabhumi Meri’—Sohanlal Dwivedi] 

 

(i) प्रस्तुत कविता किस प्रकार की है इस कविता में किसका गुणगान किया गया है ? 

(ii) कवि ने भारत को युद्धभूमि और बुद्धभूमि क्यों कहा है ? समझाकर लिखिए। 

(iii) प्रस्तुत कविता में जन्मभूमि की किन-किन प्रा-तिक विशेषताओं का उल्लेख किया गया है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

(iv) प्रस्तुत पद्यांश में कवि ने भारत को किन-किन महापुरुषों की भूमि कहा है ? कविता का केन्द्रीय भाव लिखते हुए स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

उत्तर :

(i) प्रस्तुत कविता देश-प्रेम से भरपूर कविता है। इसमें कवि ने भारतवर्ष की भूमि की प्रमुख विशेषताओं का गुणगान किया है।

(ii) कवि ने भारत को बुद्ध के कारण दया व अहिंसा का पुजारी स्वीकार किया है और इसे बुद्धभूमि कहा। दूसरी ओर आत्मसम्मान व मातृभूमि की रक्षा के लिए तैयार रहने वाले रण-बाँकुरों की ओर संकेत करके इसे युद्धभूमि कहा है।

(iii) प्रस्तुत कविता में जन्मभूमि को हिमालय की ऊँचाई, सिंधु की विशालता, गंगा, यमुना और त्रिवेणीजी की पवित्रता जैसी प्राकृतिक विशेषताओं के साथ जोड़ा है।

(iv) प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि ने भारत को राम-सीता, कृष्ण, गौतम बुद्ध जैसे महापुरुषों की भूमि कहा है। कवि के अनुसार यह जन्मभूमि आदर्शों, कर्मशीलता, मानवता और ममतामयी पवित्रता से जुड़े महापुरुषों की भव्य भूमि है।

नया रास्ता-सुषमा अग्रवाल 

प्रश्न.11 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

        ”मीनू ……… अरे मीनू कैसे कर सकती है ? यह रस्म तो शादीशुदा बहन ही कर सकती है। मीनू की तो अभी शादी भी नहीं हुई।“ 

(i) उपर्युक्त कथन की वक्ता कौन है उसका परिचय दीजिए। 

(ii) वक्ता ने क्यों कहा कि मीनू यह रस्म नहीं कर सकती ? यहाँ किस रस्म की बात हो रही है ? 

 

(iii) वक्ता की बात सुनकर मीनू तथा मीनू की माँ की स्थिति का वर्णन करते हुए बताइए कि क्या उसके द्वारा वह रस्म पूरी की गई थी ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

(iv) ”एक अविवाहित स्त्री को समाज में उचित सम्मान नहीं मिलता।“ उपन्यास के आधार पर अपने विचार लिखिए। 

 

उत्तर : (i) प्रस्तुत कथन की वक्ता मीनू की बुआ है। वह परंपराओं से चिपकी हुई स्त्री है। रीति-रिवाज़ों के नाम पर उसके विचार बहुत पुरातन हैं। वह रीति के नाम पर किसी को भी चोट पहुँचा सकती है।

 

(ii) मीनू की छोटी बहन आशा की शादी हो रही थी। एक रस्म के अनुसार बड़ी बहन को आरती उतारनी थी। परंतु मीनू की अभी तक शादी नहीं हुई थी। अतः वह बड़ी बहन होकर भी इस रस्म को नहीं निभा सकती थी।

(iii) बुआ की बात सुनकर मीनू की माँ ने दृढ़ता का परिचय दिया और निर्णय सुनाया कि मीनू ही वह रस्म निभाएगी। अतः पुरातनपंथी का विरोध करते हुए व्यवहारवादी दृष्टि अपनाई गई। विरोध व कटाक्ष की उपेक्षा करके मीनू ने आरती उतारी।

(iv) हमारा समाज अविवाहित स्त्री को सम्मान देने के पक्ष में नहीं रहा है। परंतु आज युग व दृष्टि बदल रही है। शिक्षित स्त्रियाँ प्रायः देरी से शादी करती हैं। वे पहले अपने आधार को सुदृढ़ करना चाहती हैं। उनके विचार विवाह के संदर्भ में बदलते जा रहे हैं।

प्रश्न.12 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए –            

             आखिर सरिता को देखने का दिन आ ही गया। अमित के घर में विशेष चहल-पहल थी। अमितकी माताजी में विशेष उत्साह नजर आ रहा था। माताजी के कहने में आकर उसके पिता भी इस रिश्ते में रूचि लेने लगे थे। अमित की बहन मधु भी अपनी होने वाली भाभी को देखने के लिए उत्सुक थी। 

(i) अमित कौन है उसका संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिये। 

(ii) विशेष चहल-पहल का क्या कारण था, इस अवसर पर अमित की स्थिति स्पष्ट कीजिए। (iii) मायारामजी को स्वर्ग की अनुभूति कहाँ और कैसे होती है और क्यों होती है ? 

(iv) अमित और सरिता के बीच हुई बातचीत को संक्षेप में लिखिये। 

उत्तर : (i) अमित मीनू को देखने आता है। उसकी माँ दहेज की लोभी है, परंतु वह विवाह के संदर्भ में व्यवहारवादी व मानवतावादी विचार रखता है। उसको दहेज जैसी कुप्रथा के प्रति घृणा है। इसीलिए वह अपनी माँ से धनीमल जैसे धनियों से रिश्ता तय न करने की बात करता है।

 

(ii) विशेष चहल-पहल का कारण यह था कि अमित के लिए सरिता को देखने का दिन आ गया था। मीनू और उसके माता-पिता को अमित के माता-पिता ने टालमटोल भरा पत्र लिख दिया था। वे धन की चकाचौंध में आ चुके थे। परंतु अमित इन लोगों के विपरीत उदास व चिंतित था।

(iii) धनीमल की कोठी पर पहुँचते ही मायाराम को लगा, जैसे वे स्वर्ग में आ गए हों। सबका विशेष स्वागत किया गया। धन की चमक ने मायाराम का मन मोह लिया।

(iv) अमित और सरिता की भेंट में सरिता ने बताया कि उसे घर के कामकाज में विशेष रुचि नहीं है। पिताजी शादी के बाद एक नौकर साथ भेज देंगे और सारा काम वही करेगा।

प्रश्न.13 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

                मीनू के हृदय में बचपन से ही अपंगों के लिए दया की भावना थी परन्तु मनोहर को तो वैसे भी वह बचपन से जानती थी। इसीलिए उसकी यह हालत उससे देखी नहीं जा रही थी। मीनू ने मन ही मन निश्चय दिया कि वह किसी न किसी रूप में मनोहर की सहायता अवश्य करेगी। विवाह के फ़ालतू खर्च में से कुछ रुपये बचाकर अपाहिज मनोहर की सहायता करने का उसने संकल्प लिया। 

(i) मनोहर कौन था ? वह मीनू के पास क्यों आया था ? 

(ii) उसकी यह दशा कैसे हो गयी थी ? संक्षेप में समझाइए। 

(iii) मीनू ने मन ही मन क्या निश्चय किया और मनोहर की सहायता कैसे की ? 

(iv) मीनू के इस कार्य से आपको क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ? क्या आपने भी कभी किसी की इस प्रकार से सहायता की है समझाइए। 

 

उत्तर : (i) मनोहर राजो का चचेरा भाई है। वह मीनू के पास उसके विवाह में हाथ बँटाने आया है।

 

(ii) मनोहर को एक फैक्ट्री में नौकरी मिली थी। काम करते हुए उसका पैर मशीन में आ गया। साथ ही सीधे हाथ की दो अंगुलियाँ भी कट गईं।

(iii) मीनू के मन में बाल्यकाल से ही अपंगों के प्रति विशेष दया-भावना थी। उसने मन ही मन यह निश्चय किया कि वह विवाह के खर्च से कटौती करके असहाय मनोहर की सहायता करेगी। उसने विचार-विमर्श के बाद उसे पान की दुकान खुलवा देने का निर्णय श्रेष्ठ लगा और उसने दुकान खुलवाकर उसका जीवन सुधार दिया।

(iv) मीनू का यह त्याग और अपंग-प्रेम निश्चित रूप से आदर्श और अनुकरणीय है। हम सभी को शादी में इस प्रकार के व्यर्थ खर्च की कटौती करके उन दीन-दुखियों की सहायता करनी चाहिए। मैंने तो नहीं, परंतु मेरे पिता जी ने एक अपंग विधवा को फोन-बूथ खुलवा कर दिया था जिसके बाद उसका जीवन सहज हो गया था।

एकांकी संचय 

       (Ekanki Sanchay) 

प्रश्न.14 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

                अब भी आँखें नहीं खुलीं ? जो व्यवहार अपनी बेटी के लिए दूसरों से चाहते हो वही दूसरे की बेटी को भी दो। जब तक तुम बहू और बेटी को एक-सा नहीं समझोगे, न तुम्हें सुख मिलेगा न शांति। 

                                                                                        (बहू की विदा’-विनोद रस्तोगी) [‘Bahu Ki Vida’—Vinod Rastogi]

(i) वक्ता का परिचय देते हुए कथन का सन्दर्भ लिखिए। 

(ii) ‘‘अब भी आँखें नहीं खुली ?’’ कहने से वक्ता का क्या अभिप्राय है ? पाठ के सन्दर्भ में समझाइए। 

 

(iii) एकांकी के अन्त में श्रोता क्या फैसला लेता है और क्यों ? समझाइए। 

(iv) इस एकांकी से आपको क्या शिक्षा मिलती है ? एकांकी के उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

उत्तर : 

(i) प्रस्तुत कथन की वक्ता राजेश्वरी है। वह जीवनलाल नामक एक धनी व्यापारी की पत्नी है। प्रस्तुत कथन उस समय का है जब जीवनलाल की बेटी के ससुराल वाले उसे राखी के अवसर पर मायके भेजने से मना कर देते हैं।

(ii) ‘अब भी आँखें नहीं खुली’-का अभिप्राय यह है कि जीवनलाल हठी और लोभी है। वह धन के लोभ में आकर अपनी पुत्रवधू को राखी के अवसर पर मायके नहीं भेजता। इधर उसकी अपनी पुत्री के ससुराल वाले जब उससे वैसा ही व्यवहार करते हैं तो समाचार पाकर आँखें खुलने की चर्चा हो रही है।

(iii) एकांकी के अंत में जीवनलाल का हृदय परिवर्तन हो जाता है। अपनी पुत्री के साथ वैसा ही व्यवहार होते देख उसकी आँखें खुल गईं और उसने बहू को मायके के लिए विदा करने का निर्णय ले लिया।

(iv) प्रस्तुत एकांकी से यही शिक्षा मिलती है कि हमें बहू के रूप में अपने घर में आई दूसरों की बेटियों के प्रति ऐसा व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहिए, जैसा हम अपनी बेटियों के साथ कभी भी नहीं देखना चाहते।

प्रश्न.15 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए-

                   आपके विवेक पर सबको विश्वास है। मैं आपसे निवेदन करने आई हूँ कि यद्यपि समय के फेर से आज हाड़ा, शक्ति और साधनों में मेवाड़ के उन्नत राज्य से छोटे हैं, फिर भी वे वीर हैं। मेवाड़ को विपत्ति के दिनों से सहायता देते रहे हैं। यदि उनसे कोई धृष्टता बन पड़ी हो, तो महाराणा उसे भूल जाएँ और राजपूत शक्तियों में स्नेह का सम्बन्ध बना रहने दें। 

                                                                (मात भूमि का मान’-हरिकृष्ण‘प्रेमी’)[‘Matribhoomi Ka Man’—Harikrishna ‘Premi’]

 

(i) प्रस्तुत कथन किसने, किससे कहा है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

(ii) मेवाड़ को विपत्ति के दिनों में किसने सहायता दी है ? चारणी यह बात क्यों याद दिलाती है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

(iii) चारणी ने महाराणा को अपनी प्रतिज्ञा पूरी करने का क्या उपाय बताया ? यह कितना उचित था, इस सन्दर्भ में अपने विचार दीजिए। 

 

(iv) ‘मातृभूमि का मान’ कैसी एकांकी है ? शीर्षक की सार्थकता सिद्ध करते हुए बताइए। 

उत्तर : (i) प्रस्तुत संवाद चारणी ने महाराणा लाखा से कहा है। वह मेवाड़ के शासक महाराणा लाखा के सेना के सैनिक वीरसिंह की साथी है जो बूंदी का रहने वाला है।

 

(ii) मेवाड़ को उसकी विपत्ति के दिनों में हाड़ा जैसे छोटे राज्य सहायता देते रहे हैं। चारणी यह बात इसलिए याद दिलाना चाहती है क्योंकि वह संपूर्ण राजपूत राज्यों में स्नेह और एकसूत्रता का बंधन देखना चाहती है।

(iii) चारणी ने महाराणा को बूंदी का एक नकली दुर्ग बनाने और उसका नाश करके अपनी प्रतिज्ञा पूरी करने का उपाय बताया। यह उपाय ऐसा था कि किसी राजपूत राज्य की हानि भी न होती और महाराणा की प्रतिज्ञा भी पूरी हो जाती। यह ऐसा उत्तम उपाय था कि साँप भी मर जाए और लाठी भी न टूटे।

(iv) प्रस्तुत एकांकी में हाड़ा राजपूत वीरसिंह के बलिदान का चित्रण है। वह नकली दुर्ग को प्राणों से प्रिय मानकर बूंदी की रक्षा करते-करते मेवाड़ की भारी सेना के सामने अपना बलिदान देता है। इस बलिदान से यह लाभ हुआ कि राजपूतों की एकता का मार्ग प्रशस्त हो गया और मातृभूमि के मान को सर्वोपरि रखने वाले वीरसिंह की गाथा अमर हो गई।

प्रश्न.16 निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िए और उसके नीचे लिखे प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिन्दी में लिखिए – 

                 बेटा, बड़प्पन बाहर की वस्तु नहीं – बड़प्पन तो मन का होना चाहिए। और फिर बेटा घृणा को घृणा से नहीं मिटाया जा सकता। बहू तभी पृथक होना चाहेगी जब उसे घृणा के बदले घृणा दी जाएगी। लेकिन यदि उसे घृणा के बदले स्नेह मिले तो उसकी समस्त घृणा धुँधली पड़कर लुप्त हो जाएगी। 

                                                                                  (सूखी डाली’-उपेन्द्रनाथ ‘अश्क’)[‘Sukhi Dali’—Upendranath ‘Ashka’] 

(i) प्रस्तुत कथन का वक्ता कौन है ? उसका संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए। 

(ii) श्रोता ने वक्ता को छोटी बहू के संबंध में क्या बताया था ? 

(iii) वक्ता ने परिवार में एकता बनाये रखने का क्या उपाय निकाला ? क्या वे इसमें सफल हुए ? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

 

(iv) प्रस्तुत एकांकी किस प्रकार की एकांकी है ? इस एकांकी लेखन का क्या उद्देश्य है ?

उत्तर :

(i) प्रस्तुत कथन के वक्ता दादा हैं जिनका नाम मूलराज है। वे परिवार के मुखिया हैं।

(ii) श्रोता परेश दादा मूलराज से कहता है कि छोटी बहू बेला का इस घर में मन नहीं लगता। उसे घर का कोई भी सदस्य पसंद नहीं करता। सभी उसकी निंदा करते हैं। अत: वह स्वतंत्र घर बसाकर रहना चाहती है।

(iii) वक्ता ने परिवार में एकता बनाए रखने के लिए परेश को सुझाव दिया कि वह बेला को साथ ले जाकर बाज़ार से उसकी पसंद की चीजें खरीदवा दे। वे यह भी कहते हैं कि वे घर में सभी को समझा देंगे कि कोई भी बेला का अपमान नहीं करेगा। वे इसमें सफल होते हैं क्योंकि घर के सभी सदस्य बेला को अधिक सम्मान देने लगते हैं जिसकी प्रतिक्रिया में छोटी बहू को बदलना पड़ता है।

(iv) प्रस्तुत एकांकी एक पारिवारिक एकांकी है जिसमें उपेंद्रनाथ अश्क ने संदेश दिया है कि यदि दूरदर्शिता, सूझबूझ और व्यावहारिकता से काम लिया जाए तो पारिवारिक समस्याओं को सुलझाया जा सकता है। छोटी-छोटी बातों का ध्यान रखने से हमारे परिवार बिखरने से बचाए जा सकते हैं।

ENGLISH LITERATURE CLASS 10TH QUESTION PAPER 2019 (ICSE)

LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

 

Paper – 2 

SECTION A – DRAMA

The Merchant of Venice: Shakespeare 

Q.1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

Bassanio:                          To you, Antonio, 

                              I owe the most, in money and in love; 

                             And from your love I have a warranty 

                            To unburden all my plots and purposes 

                            How to get clear of all the debts I owe. 

Antonio:          I pray you, good Bassanio, let me know it;

(i) Describe Antonio’s mood at the beginning of this scene.  

State any two reasons that Antonio’s friends, who were present, gave to explain  his mood. 

(ii) What promise did Antonio make to Bassanio immediately after this conversation?

(iii) What did Bassanio say to Antonio about ‘a lady richly left’ in Belmont? 

(iv) Why was Antonio unable to lend Bassanio the money that he needed?

       How did he propose to help his friend?

(v) What does the above extract reveal of the relationship between Antonio and Bassanio?

     Mention one way in which this relationship was put to the test later in the play.

Answer : (i) Antonio is in a melancholy mood at the beginning of this scene. He does not know where he got it and how it began. Salarino, one of Antonio’s friends, thinks that Antonio is sad because he is worried about his ships sailing on the sea. Salario, another of Antonio’s friends, attributes his sadness to his being in love.

(ii) Antonio assures Bassanio of his wholehearted help in his mission. He says that his money, his body, his utmost resources will all be placed at his disposal so that Bassanio is able to pursue his aim.

(iii) Bassanio tells Antonio that a very beautiful and rich lady, Portia, lives in Belmont. Her reputation as a rich, beautiful lady has spread far and wide. A number of eligible bachelors are reaching Belmont to try their luck in quest of her.

(iv) Antonio was unable to lend the money that Bassanio needed because all his money was invested in trading ventures at sea. So he suggested Bassanio to go and enquire from where he could get money in Venice. He would stand surety for the money that he could borrow on his behalf.

(v) We learn that Antonio and Bassanio are close friends. They share their intimate feelings and anxieties with each other. Both are ready to sacrifice their most precious thing for the other. Their friendship is tested later in the play when Bassanio helps Antonio in the Trial Scene through his wife Portia and later Antonio stands surety for Bassanio’s character when the marriage ring is found missing on Bassanio’s hand.

Q.2 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

 Bassanio: A gentle scroll. – Fair lady, by your leave; [Kissing her] 

                  I come by note, to give and to receive

                  Like one of two contending in a prize,

                  That thinks he hath done well in people’s eyes 

                   Hearing applause and universal shout

                   Giddy in spirit, still gazing, in a doubt

                   Whether those peals of praise be his or no; 

(i) Where did Bassanio find the ‘gentle scroll’?

     What ‘prize’ had Bassanio just won?

(ii) Explain why Bassanio said he felt ‘Giddy in spirit, still gazing, in a doubt’. 

(iii) Shortly after this exchange, Portia gave Bassanio a ring as a token of her affection. What did the gift symbolise? 

(iv) What assurance did Bassanio give her when he accepted the ring? 

(v) What did Portia urge Bassanio to do when she learnt that his friend Antonio was in trouble?  

          What aspect of her character is revealed through her words? 

Answer :

(i) Bassanio found the ‘gentle scroll’ in the leaden casket from which he found the portrait of fair Portia. His winning of the hand of Portia was the ‘prize’ for Bassanio as so many suitors were trying to win her hand.

(ii) Bassanio felt ‘giddy in spirit, still gazing in doubt’ as he thought that he was one of two competitors for a prize who thought he had done well in the eyes of spectators, looking around in some doubt as to whether those shouts of applause were for him or not. He was still in doubt whether he had really won the fair lady Portia.

(iii) Portia gave Bassanio a ring as a token of her affection. The gift symbolised their mutual trust and love for each other. If ever he parted with the ring or lost it or gave it away, this would mean that his love for her was dead and she would accuse him of the breach of trust.

(iv) Bassanio assured Portia that he would never part with the ring she had given him. Giving her an assurance of his love, he told her that he would keep the ring secure on his finger. It would go only after his life was no more. That is, he would keep it as long as he lived.

(v) Portia urged Bassanio to leave for Venice at once and take as much gold and money he needed to return the borrowed money to Antonio. In no case should such a good friend come to trouble; This shows Portia’s compassionate heart and generous nature to help someone in distress.

Q.3 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

Duke:          You hear the learn’d Bellario, what he writes: 

                    And here, I take it, is the doctor come. 

                    [Enter Portia, dressed like a Doctor of Laws] 

                    Give me your hand. Come you from old Bellario? 

Portia:        I did, my lord. 

Duke:         You are welcome: take your place. 

                    Are you acquainted with the difference 

                    That holds this present question in the court? 

(i) Where is this scene set? Why was Portia there? 

(ii) What reason had Bellario given for his absence? Whom had he sent in his stead? 

(iii) Bellario’s letter stated that he had taken some measures to prepare the ‘young and learned doctor’ to deal with the case. What were they? 

(iv) What was the ‘difference’ between Shylock the Jew and Antonio the merchant  that the Duke was unable to resolve? 

(v) How does Portia succeed in saving Antonio?  

      What does this reveal of her character? 

    The Mousetrap: Agatha Christie 

Answer :

(i) This scene is set in a court of justice. Portia was there, dressed as a learned doctor of laws, in the guise of Balthazar, to appear on behalf of Antonio and defend him against the lapse of the bond that he had signed with Shylock.

(ii) Bellario stated in his letter to the Duke that he could not be present at the court due to his illness. He sent a learned a doctor of law, Balthazar, in his stead. He was confident of the ability of Balthazar to prove his capability in such a crucial case between Shylock and Antonio.

(iii) Bellario’s letter stated that he had thoroughly discussed the case with the learned doctor of laws, Balthazar, who was fully acquainted with the case in question. Balthazar was a young man with mature judgement and rich experience to handle the case.

(iv) The ‘difference’, that is dispute between Shylock the Jew and Antonio that the Duke was unable to resolve was the clause in the bond according to which Shylock could have his pound of flesh from Antonio’s heart if the latter failed to fulfil the terms of the bond.

(v) Portia succeeded in saving Antonio by interpreting the bond in the letter, and not the spirit, of the law, as Shylock himself insisted on it. She warned Shylock that the bond did not allow him to shed even a single drop of blood while taking the pound of flesh. Thus defeating Shylock with his own weapon, she could save Antonio from the clutches of Shylock. Portia’s shrewd interpretation of law really saved Antonio.

The Mousetrap : Agatha Christie

Q.4 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

Giles:          I beg your pardon. Did you say something? 

Trotter:      Yes, Mr. Ralston, I said ‘Is there an extension?’ (He crosses to  Centre.) 

Giles:         Yes, up in our bedroom.

Trotter:      Go and try it up there for me, will you? 

                 (Giles exits to the stairs, carrying the glove and bus ticket and  

                  looking dazed. Trotter continues to trace the wire to the  

                 window. He pulls back the curtain and opens the window,  

                 trying to follow the wire. He crosses to the arch up Right, goes  

                 out and returns with a torch. He moves to the window, jumps  

                 out and bends down, looking, then disappears out of sight. It is  

                 practically dark. Mrs. Boyle enters from the library up Left,  

                 shivers and notices the open window.) 

Mrs. Boyle: (Moving to the window) Who has left this window open? 

(i) Why did Giles fail to hear what Trotter had said earlier?  

     Why did Giles look ‘dazed’? 

(ii) What was Trotter attempting to do? Why?

(iii) Why did Mrs. Boyle close the window?

        What did the voice on the radio say about the ‘mechanics of fear’?

(iv) How did the murderer mask the sounds of the killing? 

       Who entered the room immediately after the murder?

        What did this person see?

(v) Who was the victim? Why was the victim murdered? 

      What was the ‘signature tune’ that the murderer whistled? 

      What is the significance of this tune in the context of the play? 

Answer : 

(i) Giles had just found a London bus ticket from Mollie’s glove. He was feeling upset and confused due to this. That is why he failed to hear what Trotter had said earlier. He looked dazed because he could not understand why the London bus ticket was there in Mollie’s glove when she had not gone there.

(ii) Trotter was trying to find out if the telephone wire had been cut by some one or it had simply gone out of order due to the snow storm that had blown the other day. In fact he wanted to make a report to Police Superintendent Hogben. That is why he needed telephone service.

(iii) Mrs Boyle closes the window because a very cold wind is blowing. She shivers due to this cold wind. The voice on the radio says that in order to understand the mechanics of fear you have to study the exact effect produced by fear on the human mind. If one is alone in a room, in the late afternoon and door opens softly behind him/her, he/she is likely to be frightened.

(iv) The murderer masked the sounds of the killing under the tune of ‘Three Blind Mice’. Soon after the murder Mollie entered the room. She switched on the light and saw Mrs Boyle lying strangulated in front of the sofa.

(v) The victim was Mrs Boyle. The victim was murdered because she was one of the Judges on the bench which sent the three children to the Long ridge. Farm where they were cruelly treated and one of them died. The murderer whistled the tune of ‘Three Blind Mice’. The tune of ‘Three Blind Mice’ is significant lure because ‘The mousetrap’ is a revenge play and here one of the ill-treated children George is going to take revenge from his victim. So the tune is very significant here.

Q.5 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:

 

Trotter: (Leaning on the refectory table) Those simple actions took you

               rather a long time, didn’t they, Mr Ralston? 

Giles: I don’t think so. (He moves away to the stairs)

Trotter: I should say you definitely – took your time over them.

Giles: I was thinking about something.

Trotter:  Very well. Now then, Mr Wren, I’ll have your account of where  you were. 

(i) What ‘simple actions’ of Giles was Trotter referring to?  

      Where had Giles been? Who had sent him there? 

(ii) How did Christopher Wren account for his whereabouts at the time of the    murder? 

(iii) Where was Paravicini at that time? What was he doing? 

(iv) Whom did Giles accuse of having committed the murder? 

        On what did he base this accusation? 

(v) Mollie shared her suspicions regarding the identity of the murderer with                   

      Trotter, later in this scene.

     Whom did she suspect of being the murderer? 

      What reasons did she give for her suspicion? 

Answer :

(i) Trotter had sent Giles to his bedroom upstairs to see whether the extension telephone was working or not. It was a simple action for which, according to Trotter, Giles took more time than was required. Giles had been in his bedrom upstairs. Trotter had sent him there.

(ii) Christopher Wren told Trotter that at the time of the murder, he was in the kitchen. He had gone there to see if he could help Mollie Ralston in her cooking. After that he had gone upstairs to his bedroom.

(iii) At the time of murder Paravicini was in the drawing room. He was playing the piano.

(iv) Giles openly accused Christopher Wren of having committed the murder. His accusation was based on the fact that Christopher was of the same age as the eldest of those three children would be now. Secondly he was mentally abnormal very much like the suspected murderer of Culver Street.

(v) Mollie suspected Major Metcalf of being the murderer. She told Trotter that the murderer could be a middle aged person probably the father of the ill-treated children. Her supposition was that after being a prisoner with the Japanese, were treated in his absence at Longridge Farm, he might have decided to take reverge.

Q.6  

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

Trotter:   Yes. You’ve been extraordinarily foolish, you know. You’ve run a very            

                good chance of being killed by holding out on me. As a result,  you’ve been  

                in serious danger more than once. 

Mollie:   I don’t know what you mean. 

Trotter:  (moving slowly above the sofa table to the Right of the sofa; still  quite     

                natural and friendly) Come now, Mrs. Ralston. We policemen aren’t quite 

                so dumb as you think. All along I’ve realized that you had first-hand 

       knowledge of the Longridge Farm affair. You know  Mrs. Boyle was the 

      magistrate concerned. In fact, you knew all  about it. Why didn’t you speak up   

       and say so? 

Mollie: (Very much affected) I don’t understand. I wanted to forget-forget.  (She sits 

             at the Left end of the sofa.)

(i) What was the ‘Longridge Farm’ affair? 

(ii) Trotter revealed to Mollie some facts that he had uncovered about her past.  

      What were they? 

(iii) What did Mollie want to forget?  

       How was she linked with the ‘Longridge Farm affair’? 

(iv) How did Trotter manage to pass himself off as a policeman?  

       How had he reached Monkswell Manor? 

(v) What did Trotter reveal to Mollie about his true identify? 

      How was Mollie saved at the end of the play? 

Answer :

(i) Three Corrigian children – Two boys and a girl-were brought before the court in need of care and protection. A home was found for their shelter with Mr and Mrs Stanning at Longridge Farm. Here the children were ill treated and one of them died. Mr and Mrs Stanning were sent to jail for negligence. Mr Stanning died in prison. When Mrs Stanning was released from the prison she was murdered in Culver Street where she was living as Maureen Lyon. Trotter was investigating into this Longridge affair.

(ii) Trotter had discovered about Mrs Ralston that before marriage, her name was Miss Waring. She was a teacher in the school where Jimmy was studying. He had also found out that Jimmy had managed to get letter posted to her. In this letter he had begged help from his teacher Miss Waring. But her teacher did not answer that letter.

(iii) Mollie wanted to forget the horrible incident of Jimmy’s death. In fact when Jimmy’s letter reached her, she was down with pneumonia. So the letter was put aside along with other letters. It was weeks afterwards when she found and read the letter. By that time Jimmy had died . She could not do anything for him. She felt penitent. This haunted her for a long time. This is what she wanted to forget. Mollie was linked with the Longridge Farm affair because she was the teacher whom Jimmy had requested for help.

(iv) Trotter very cleverly takes out his notebook and pretends to be an officer on duty to interview all those persons who were staying at Monkswell Manor. He tells Mollie that his visit is regarding police protection to be given to them which they need at the moment. He had reached Monkswell Manor with the help of his skis.

(v) Trotter revealed to Mollie that he was not a policeman. He was George, Jimmy’s elder . brother. He also told her that he had cut the telephone wires before he entered the Monkswell Manor. Mollie was sayed by the intervention of Major Metcalf and Miss Casewell who appear on the scene and arrest George.

 SECTION B – POETRY 

A Collection of Poems 

Q.7 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:  

 

               “Now tell us what it was all about”. 

                 Young Peterkin, he cries. 

                  And little Wilhelmine looks up 

                  With wonder –waiting eyes, 

                 “Now tell us all about the war,  

                  And what they fought each other for”. 

                                                                  — After Blenheim, Robert Southey 

(i) Who are Peterkin and Wilhelmine?  

     How does the poet describe the scene at the beginning of the poem? 

(ii) What did Young Peterkin find and where? Describe it. 

(iii) Who is referred to as “each other”? What did they fight for? 

(iv) To whom are the words in the extract addressed?  

       How was this person’s family affected by the war? 

(v) What, according to the poet, are the consequences that are often associated with   

      great and famous victories? 

      What message does the poet want to convey to the readers? 

Answer :

(i) Peterkin, a little boy, and Wilhelmine, a young girl, were the grandchildren of old Kaspar. The poet makes the setting of the poem clear at the beginning of the poem by stating that the two children were playing near Kaspar sitting before his cottage. The scene described is quite commonplace but spectacular.

(ii) Young Peterkin, who was playing near the cottage, was rolling something which was large and round. He did not know what it was.

(iii) “Each other” referred to the English and the Frehch who fought a battle at Blenheim. They fought to win supremacy over each other. But the real cause of the battle could not be explained.

(iv) The words in the extract are addressed to the grandfather Kaspar. Kaspar’s family was hard hit by war in which his father’s house was burnt down and he was forced to run away, with his wife and child. He had no place to take shelter.

(v) According to the poet, war is destructive and horrible. It brings miseries, sufferings and disorder in life. The poet brings out the horrors of war in a simple but ironic way. The young children fail to understand in the poem ‘After Blenheim’ how the war which created so much havoc could be a great and famous war.

Q.8 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

                    There’s nobody on the house-tops now— 

                    Just a palsied few at the windows set; 

                    For the best of the sight is, all allow, 

                    At the Shambles’ Gate—- or, better yet, 

                    By the very scaffold’s foot, I trow. 

                                                                   — The Patriot, Robert Browning 

(i) Who is the speaker? Where is he being taken? Why? 

(ii) Describe the scene when he had walked down the same street a year ago. 

(iii) Where does the speaker think all the people had gathered that day?  

        Why does he think so? 

(iv) Describe the speaker’s physical condition. 

(v) What is the central message of the poem?  

      Does the poem end on a note of hope or despair?  

      Give one reason for your answer. 

Answer :

(i) The speaker here is the patriot. He is being taken to the scaffold to be hanged for his misdeeds. He is passing through some street in a town.

(ii) A year ago, the patriot was worshipped like a hero. He was accorded a warm welcome on his return after a glorious victory. His path was strewn with flowers. The church towers were decorated with victory-flags. Huge crowds were there to welcome him.

(iii) The speaker thinks that all the people have left the town and gone to the Shambles’ Gate or quite near the scaffold in order to have a better view of the patriot’s (his) execution. Only a few paralysed persons are sitting at the windows.

(iv) The speaker’s physical condition is pathetic. He is being led to the gallows. A long rope has been used to tie his hands on the back. The rope is so tight that it cuts both his hands. His forehead is bleeding. It is due to the stones hurled at him by some callous and cruel fellows. All this shows that he is being treated very harshly.

(v) The central message of the poem is the ficklemindedness of the ordinary people who go enthusiastic at welcoming a hero but soon get disappointed with him and begin to hurl abuses and stones on him.

The poem ends on a note of hope. Though the hero in this poem feels betrayed and abandoned, he achieves a moral victory. He feels that he has not been rewarded for his services on the earth, he hopes he would be rewarded by God in heaven. So he feels safe in the bosom of God. His faith in God being a true judge marks his unbounded sense of optimism.

Q.9 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

                 All round the field spectators were gathered  

                 Cheering on all the young women and men  

                 Then the final event of the day was approaching  

                 The last race about to begin. 

                                                                             — Nine Gold Medals, David Roth

(i) Where had the ‘young women and men’ come from?  

     What had brought them together? 

      How had they prepared themselves for the event?

(ii) What was the last event of the day?

     How many athletes were participating in this event?

     What signal were they waiting for?

(iii) What happened to the youngest athlete half way through the race?  How did he        

       respond?

(iv) What ‘strange’ turn did the story take at this point? 

(v) Why does the poet say that the banner – ‘Special Olympics’ could not have been 

      nearer the mark?  

     What human quality does the poem celebrate? 

Answer :

(i) The ‘young women and men’ had come fronji different countries to participate in various sports events. They were fired with the longing to win a medal – gold, silver or bronze. As the international event is very prestigious, every participant had put in a lot of preparation and practice. No one wanted to spare any pains for winning a medal – gold, silver or bronze.

(ii) The last event of the day was the hundred-metre race. Nine young athletes were participating in this event. They were well-poised, waiting for the pistol shot as a starting signal.

(iii) The youngest athlete who was weaker could not run. His legs gave in and he fell on the track. He was distressed and gave out a cry in frustration because his hard work had come to nothing.

(iv) The remaining eight constestants stopped and looked back at their fallen companion. They were expected not to stop but to continue the race. But a ‘strange’ thing happened. They all turned round and come back to the fallen athlete. They lifted him to his feet.

(v) The banner ‘Special Olympics’ meant Olympics for the differently-abled persons turned to be significant. ‘The Special Olympics’ became really special when each participant was declared to be the winner and awarded a gold medal.

The poem celebrates the human quality of true sportsmanship and empathy for the fallen athlete. We should be able to understand the feelings of another person from his point of view, and be ready to mitigate his pain and sorrow.

SECTION C – PROSE 

A Collection of Short Stories 

or  

Animal Farm 

or  

The Call of the Wild 

A Collection of Short Stories 

Q.10 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

            It had no eyes, ears, nose or mouth. It was just a round smooth head  

            – with a school cap on top of it! And that’s where the story should  

            end. But for Mr. Oliver it did not end here. 

            The torch fell from his trembling hand. He turned and scrambled  

            down the path, running blindly through the trees and calling for 

            help. He was still running towards the school buildings when he saw  

            a lantern swinging in the middle of the path. 

(i) Who was Mr. Oliver? Where did he encounter ‘It’? 

(ii) Where did Mr. Oliver work?

      Why did Life magazine describe this place as the ‘Eton of the East’?

(iii) Why had Mr. Oliver approached ‘It’ in the first place?

        What had he mistaken it for?

(iv) What is a lantern? Who was holding the lantern? 

       Why did Mr. Oliver feel relieved at the sight of the lantern? 

(v) Briefly describe the meeting between the lantern-bearer and Mr.Oliver. 

      State one reason why ‘A Face in the Dark’ could be considered a horror story.

Answer :

(i) Mr Oliver, a bachelor, was an Anglo Indian teacher in a school outside Simla. He encountered ‘it’ (a figure of a boy) who was sitting alone on a rock as he (Oliver) walked through the pine forest.

(ii) Mr Oliver was teaching in the school which was run on English Public School lines. ‘Life’ magazine described this place as ‘the Eton of the East’ because the boys from wealthy Indian families studied in the school. They wore blazers, caps and ties.

(iii) Mr Oliver approached it (the boy) in order to recognise the boy. He had mistaken it (the boy) for one of his school students who, Mr Oliver felt, should not have been there so late in the dark.

(iv) A lantern is a lamp in a transparent case, often a metal case with glass sides, that has a handle, so that you can carry it outside. Mr Oliver was holding the lantern. He felt relieved at the sight of the lantern swinging in the middle of the path because his own lantern had fallen from his trembling hand on seeing the figure of a boy who was without eyes, ears nose or mouth.

(v) Mr Oliver feels nervous. He stumbles up to the ‘watchman gasping for breath. He is frightened when he finds that the Watchman has also no eyes, no ears, no features at all – not even an eyebrow. All this makes the story mysterious, strange and supernatural. Mr Oliver had earlier come across a figure of a boy who had no eyes, no ears, no nose and no mouth. And then a similar watchman. This is all frightening and horrible. This makes the story a real horror story.

Q.11 Read the extract given below an answer the questions that follow:

 

           An angry athlete is an athlete who will make mistakes, as any coach  

           will tell you. I was no exception. On the first of my three qualifying  

           jumps, I leaped from several inches beyond the take-off board for a  foul. 

(i) When and where is this story set?

     What reason does the narrator Jesse Owens give for the heightened nationalistic    

     feelings at this time?

(ii) In which event had Owens been confident of winning a gold medal? Why? 

(iii) What had made Owens angry enough to make mistakes? 

(iv) Name Owens’ rival who approached him at this point. 

       What advice did this athlete give Owens? 

(v) How did the two athletes perform in the finals? 

     What does Jesse Owens consider his ‘Greatest Olympic Prize’? Why? 

Answer :

(i) This story is set in the time of the Berlin Olympic Games of 1936. Because Hitler childishly insisted that his performers were members of a ‘master race’, heightened nationalistic feelings at this time were at an all time high.

(ii) Jessie Owens gained, sweated and disciplined himself for six years. He had already made a world record in the long jump in the last year. So he expected to win the gold medal easily this time.

(iii) At the time of broad-jump trials Jessie Owens was started to see a tall boy hitting the .pit at almost 26 feet on his practice leaps Jessie felt angry when he was told that Hitler had kept him under wraps obviously to win the jump with.hirn. Jessie was disturbed to think if Luz Long won, it would add some new support to the Nazis’ Aryan-superiority theory. Jessie was so disturbed that he made mistakes in his trial jumps.

(iv) Luz Long,, a German, was Jessie Owens’ rival. On noticing Jessie Owens feeling disgusted, Luz Long counselled Jessie to focus on the jump by giving him a valuable tip. He said to Jessie, “Why don’t you draw a line a few inches in back of the board and aim at making your take off there?”

(v) The two athletes gave their best possible performance in the finals. They improved upon their previous records. As it turned out, Luz broke his own past record. But in doing so, he pushed Owens on to a peak performance. When Owens won the medal, Long congratulated him by shaking his hand with him, without bothering about having to face the wrath of Hitler. To Jessie Owens, the greatest Olympic prize was not gold medal but his new and noble friendship with Luz Long. He was happy to learn that the essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well.

Q.12  Answer the following questions with reference to Ray Douglas Bradbury’s short  story, ‘All Summer in a Day’: 

 

     (i) Name the planet on which this story is set.  

          Describe everyday life on this planet. 

     (ii) Why was there so much excitement in the school room that morning?  

           What set Margot apart from the other children? 

      (iii) Describe how the planet was transformed when the sun came out and shone  

          briefly over it.  

       Why was Margot not able to witness this phenomenon?  

      What emotion do you suppose the other children experienced when Margot    

      emerged at the end of the story? 

Answer :

(i) The setting of the story is the planet Venus where it keeps on raining for years together. Sunshine occurs only once in seven years. The scene of the story is set in a school where the teachers and children await the appearance of the sun with great curiosity. One sunny day is equal to an earthly summer on this planet.

The children inhabiting this planet are nine years old and living with their families. Seven years of continuous rain have deprived them of the brightness on their faces. They are pale and colorless. They are passive both physically and mentally. The lack of the light of the sun has dried their compassion and consideration for others. They do not gain their humanity until they spend sometime in the light of the sun.

(ii) The children were eagerly waiting for a momentous occasion. It had been raining for seven years and now the scientists on Venus had predicted that the sun would appear for a brief period of time. Margot was like a stranger in her class. She had come to this planet (Venus) only five years ago from Earth. She still remembered the sun and the sky and how they looked when she was only four years old in the city of Ohio.

The other children in the school had been on Venus all their lives and they had been only two years old when last the sun came out on Venus. Since they were small at that time, they had now forgotten the colour and heat of the sun and how it looked. When Margot told them that the sun was like a penny or like fire in the stove, nobody was ready to believe her. They thought that she was lying.

(iii) The rain slackened slowly and came to a stop. It was followed by a disturbed violence which seemed like a tornado, a hurricane or volcanic erruption. The children put their hands to their ears. Then, all of a sudden, the sun came out. It was flaming bronze in colour and it looked very large. The sky was blazing blue and the whole jungle seemed to bum with sunlight. It was incredible.

The children felt as if they had been released from a spell. They rushed out, yelling into the springtime (which comes only once in 7 years). The teachers warned them not to go too far. The children had only two hours to remain outside. But the children seemed to go out of control. They were running and turning their faces up to the sky. They were feeling the sun on their cheeks like a warm iron. They were letting the sun bum their arms after taking off their jackets.

Margot was not able to witness this phenomenon as she had been locked into a closet by her classmates who did not like Margot to talk about the sun. The phenomenon of the sunshine lasted for a very short, time. The sun started fading off gradually behind a stir of mist. A cold wind began to blow and all the children started walking back. Their smiles had vanished. They could hear a boom of thunder and see the flash of lightning coming nearer and nearer. The sky darkened into midnight in a flash.

Then a girl remembered Margot who was locked in the closet. Then all the children walked towards the closet, unlocked the door and let Margot come out. Their attitude towards Margot changed after they had spent some time in the light of the sun.

Animal Farm: George Orwell 

Q.13 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

           One Sunday morning, when the animals assembled to receive their  

           orders, Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy.  

          “From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade with the  

            neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercial purpose, but  

            simply in order to obtain certain materials which were urgently  

           necessary.” 

(i) Why did the animals need ‘certain materials’? 

     What arrangements had Napoleon made to engage in trade with the 

      neighbouring   farms? 

(ii) Why did Napoleon’s announcement make the animals uneasy? 

(iii) What did Squealer say to the animals to ease their doubts and fears? 

(iv) Who was Mr. Whymper? What had he agreed to do?  

       Why had he entered into this agreement with Napoleon? 

(v) There was a change in the attitude of the humans towards Animal Farm.  

     Comment on this change. What were the signs and symptoms of this change? 

Q.14 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow:  

 

             One Sunday morning Squealer announced that the hens, who just  

             come in to lay again, must surrender their eggs. 

(i) Why were the hens required to surrender their eggs? 

(ii) How did the hens react to receiving this information? 

(iii) The three young black Minorca pullets led the other hens in ‘something  

       resembling a rebellion’. How exactly did they do this? 

(iv) What steps did Napoleon take to put down this ‘rebellion’? 

(v) How long did the rebellion last? Describe the consequences of the rebellion.  

     What do you learn of Napoleon’s character from the way in which he dealt  

      with the rebellion? 

Q.15 With reference to George Orwell’s ‘The Animal Farm’, answer the following  questions: 

 

(i) Who wrote the poem ‘Comrade Napoleon’?  

     How did Napoleon show his approval of the poem? 

(ii) What precautions were taken to ensure Napoleon’s safety? 

(iii) What single commandment replaced the seven commandments on Animal Farm? 

     Mention some of the changes that the animals noticed in the behaviour of the  

     pigs after the new commandment had been put up. 

 

The Call of the Wild: Jack London 

Q.16 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

        The breaking down of discipline likewise affected the dogs in their  

        relations with one another. They quarrelled and bickered more than  

        ever among themselves, till at times the camp was a howling  

        bedlam: Dave and Sol-leks alone were unaltered, though they were  

        made irritable by the unending squabbling. 

(i) What led to the break-down of discipline in the dog team? 

     How did it affect the relationship among the dogs? 

(ii) What other acts of indiscipline did Buck’s encouragement lead to? 

(iii) What started the dogs off on a chase after supper one night at the mouth of 

       the river Tahkeena? 

(iv) Who led the dogs in the chase?  

      What primitive urge did Buck experience during the chase? 

(v) How did Spitz use the chase to try and outwit Buck?  

     What does this reveal of Spitz’s nature? 

Q.17 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 

 

        With the dogs falling, Mercedes weeping and riding, Hal swearing  

         innocuously, and Charles’s eyes wistfully watering, they staggered  

         into John Thornton’s camp at the mouth of White River. When they  

        halted, the dogs dropped down as though they had all been struck dead. 

(i) Who were Mercedes, Hal and Charles? How were they related to each other? 

(ii) What was John Thornton doing when they arrived at his camp?  

      Describe his responses to Hal’s questions. Give one reason for his manner. 

(iii) What did Thornton warn them against?  

       What reason did he give for his warning?  

        How did Hal respond to Thornton’s advice? 

(iv) How did Hal manage to get his dogs back on their feet?

       Why did Buck not respond to Hal’s blows? 

(v) Describe how Thornton saved Buck’s life. 

Q.18 Answer the following questions with reference to Jack London’s, ‘The Call of   theWild’.  

 

(i) How was Thornton talked into a wager that involved Buck, during a 

     conversation in the Eldorado Saloon?

(ii) How did Thornton feel after he had committed Buck to the wager

(iii) Give a brief description of how Buck managed to win the wager for Thornton.

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