DEFORESTATION – वनोन्मूलन

DEFORESTATION (वनोन्मूलन)

BY: GAZAL BHATNAGAR,VIDHYARTHI DARPAN

DEFINITION AND MEANING:

Deforestation means the process of cutting down and burning the trees in forest and woodland and converting the land to other use. In other words, it is the destruction of forest, removal of vegetation from an area and clearing of trees for various commercial purposes and for fulfilling the personal needs. Deforestation is the quick woodland devastation through the incessant cutting of plants without replanting.

 

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION:

1. Globalization

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2. Urbanization

3. Over Population

4. Climate

5. Over Grazing

6. Shifting Cultivation

7. Fuel Wood

8. Forest Fires

9. Timber

10. Industry Establishment

11. Encroachment of Forest

12. Forest Diseases

13. Landslides

14. Ravine Formation

Globalization:

Due to Globalization many industries and factories are built which emit carbon di oxide that affects the trees and forests. India and China are the major countries where trees and forests are used to produce products and supplies in various parts of the world.

Urbanization:

As the world progresses, trees are cleared to oblige growing urban regions for the utilization of construction materials, furniture, paper products, material utilized for highways and streets and timberlands. They are cut down to create land for grazing cattle and for growing crops. Trees are also cut down in developing countries to be used as firewood or turned into charcoal, which are used for cooking and heating purposes.

Over Population:

An increase in population increases the products consumption for which the trees are being destroyed. The fundamental needs are asylum and food supplied with the aid of forests where an ideal measure of utilization and development is required.

Over population in countries like China and India are a result where deforestation rate is higher than comparative countries. The considerable demand for housing in the urban sector increases the demand for wood in the construction of the houses. With more demand, greater is the harm done to the forests. As the land area is limited, the only option for the real estate dealers is to buy the forest land for cheap, clear them and make housing sites for the population.

Climate:

Atmosphere influences people as well as trees, streets, and little plants. The major factor is “ACID RAIN”. Waxy outer coating that covers the leaves is weakened by acid rain.When this happens, it allows the acid to seep into the tree that protects the leaves. Instead of water that changes from a liquid to a gas inside the leaves, gas takes the place of the water. This stops the plant from absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and the plant then dies.

Another factor of climate is global warming. As the temperature increases than the average temperature, it affects the growth of the plants and soil thus leading to deforestation.

Overgrazing:

Overgrazing not only destroys forests regenerated growth but also makes soil more compact and impervious. Soil becomes less fertile due to destruction of organic matter and the seeds of certain species do not germinate in excessively grazed soils which results in reduction of species. This leads to desertification. Overgrazing also accelerates the soil erosion which results in the removal of minerals and nutrients from the topsoil and adversely affects the soil structure that ultimately lowers the productivity. The uncontrolled and indiscriminate grazing in the forests leads to degradation of forest soil and affect natural regeneration of forests. Due to excess grazing of the cattle in the grazing lands, the topsoil is washed away which makes it useless for any purpose, including grazing. This prompts to clear the forest areas for growing fodder which led to deforestation.

Shifting Cultivation:

In North Eastern India, due to heavy water erosion shifting cultivation is locally called “JHUM”. Numerous ranchers slaughter the woods for farming and business purposes and another timberland territory is devastated when soil fertility is depleted because of continued cropping. This degrades about one million hectare land every year thus leading to deforestation.

Fuel Wood:

Maximum forest habitat destruction is performed for wood-fuel. In India alone, the annual demand for firewood was 235 million cubic meters (according to Forest survey of India, 1987) where 135 million tons of firewood was consumed in rural areas while 23 million tons was consumed in urban areas. 

So, fuel wood is a big deforestation cause.

Forest Fires:

Some fires are incidental while the majority of them are deliberate. According to Forest Survey of India (1996), 53.1% forest vegetation was affected by fire which destroyed about 0.5 million hectares of forests annually. Thus, frequent fires are the major cause of deforestation.

Timber:

According to Forest Survey of India 1987, the annual demand of timber was 12 million cubic meters. Thus, the increased demand for timber led to a rapid depletion of forest. Timber and plywood industries are mainly responsible for the destruction of forest trees and deforestation.

Industry Establishment:

For the establishment of factories and industries, precious plants, wild animals, and rare birds are destroyed, and the quality of environment is adversely affected. The forest-based industries such as Resin and Turpentine industry are responsible for the destruction of trees in the hills as raw materials are supplied to these industries thus causing deforestation.

Encroachment of Forest:

It means encroachment by tribal on forest land for agriculture and other purposes. According to Forest Survey of India, about 7 million hectares of forest land has been encroached for agriculture which produced environmental hazards and deforestation.

Forest Diseases:

Many diseases that are caused by parasitic fungi, rusts, viruses and nematodes causes’ death and decay of forest plants. Young seedlings are destroyed due to attack of nematodes. Many diseases such as heart rot, blister rust, oak will, phloem necrosis and Dutch elm disease, etc. damage the forest trees in large numbers.

Landslides:

The landslides occur mainly in the areas where developmental activities are in progress. The construction of roads and railways particularly in hilly terrains, setting up of big irrigation projects have caused enough destruction to forest and accelerated the natural process of denudation. Deforestation due to landslide in the hills is the major concern.

Ravines Formation:

The forested areas and farming grounds at the edges of large stream gorges (Yamuna and Chambal) face a severe soil disintegration risk. Once the ravines are formed, they continue to destroy the vegetational cover.

 

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION:

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1.  Deforestation results in many effects like loss of animals home, death of animals, environmental changes, seasonal changes, increase in temperature, rise in environmental heat, global warming, increase in greenhouse gases, melting of ice caps and glaciers, increase in sea level, weakening of ozone layer, hole in the ozone layer, death of sea animals, increasing risks of natural disaster like Storms, cyclones, typhoons, floods, droughts and many other adverse shifts that are sufficient to last life on earth.

2. It is affecting the human lives to a great extent by forcing the negative changes to the environment and atmosphere.

3. Deforestation affects human wellbeing and the new ecosystem by means of atmosphere unevenness, rising an Earth-wide temperature boost, soil disintegration, floods, elimination of biodiversity, diminishing levels of fresh oxygen and rising carbon dioxide, expanding air contamination and expanding levels of toxic gases.

All the harmful impacts of deforestation are causing numerous medical issues, and above all else lung and respiratory issues.

4. Deforestation is not only disturbing the human lives by causing several imbalance ecologically and environmentally but also alarming continuously and indicating the need to stop cutting plants for the safety of human lives. A few people do deforestation to accomplish their insatiability of acquiring money from wood. People are cutting plants for their agricultural activities, logging (to make papers, match-sticks, furniture etc.), urbanization (road construction, housing etc.), desertification of land, mining (oil and coal mining), and fires (to get heat) etc.

5. It disrupts the carbon cycle. The forest trees take carbon dioxide as well as the atmosphere. It affects the human lives and causes an imbalance in ecology and environment. The human health is affected by the pollution which is occurred by deforestation. The land pollution, air pollution and global warming are the main reasons for the various effects on human, wildlife, and nature.

6. Population growth and agricultural development has put unprecedented pressure on India’s forests in the past half century. With the simultaneous rise in both the number of cattle and the amount of land under cultivation, livestock owners were forced to move to forest areas to graze their herd. As indicated by the State of the Forest Study 1995, 78 percent of all woods have undergone frequencies of deforestation and 74 percent of forests need recovery.

SOIL EROSION:

Prompt impacts of deforestation incorporate the washing ceaselessly of soil in the rainstorm season. This is because trees are no longer connecting and holding the soil and so mud slides are possible. The earth is leached of minerals by the large amounts of water. The absence of vegetation likewise implies not many creatures will be found in the field. Most of nutrients are stored in the vegetation and the trees, so if these factors receive bad cycle, our eco-system will be destroyed. Once the trees and plants are cut down, essential nutrients are separated easily and are washed out by rainfall. Thus, we would lose the nutrients for our body needs for daily life. In the event that the ground gets dries and splits under the sun’s warmth without the shelter of the trees, we cannot develop any plants in light of the fact that the soil components are lost. According to the statistics, nearly 80% of tropical forest soil is now infertile, and they will cause worse eco-system which will affect the animals who live there and their habitats. It may change their genetic as well.

SOCIAL EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION:

1. Deforestation has so many social effects on our society. Its impact not only affects humans but also plants, animals, and the surrounding environment. It causes and forces the surrounding to adapt in order to survive such difficult situations.

2. Indigenous people who consider the forests as their primary habitats are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. This can be seen in mostly undeveloped areas where many people use the forest as their primary habitat. The people living in these areas are forced to move while their surroundings are being altered. The cutting down of forest trees forces the people who live around such areas to move and seek shelter elsewhere.

3. People and animals who live in the rainforest areas depends on their natural environment. Individuals who live close to the timberland in these regions typically rely on their indigenous habitat for fundamental things like food, shelter, water and so forth. Cutting down the trees in those areas usually tend to affect all living things and surroundings that forces them to migrate and look for another conducive atmosphere.

4. Social conflicts and struggles over land and other resources results in the loss of lands and people who live there have to migrate to other places in search of land and resources.

FACTS RELATED TO DEFORESTATION IN INDIA: 

1. Deforestation could lead to changes in surface conditions, which would increase the intensity and decrease the duration of rainfall, thereby increasing run-off. This causes soil erosion which leads to the riverbeds being silted. This is how floods occur. 

2. India is losing 1.5 million hectares (mha) of forests per year, thereby bringing down the total forest area from 74 mha to 40 mha.

3. Deforestation causes loss of top soil to the tune of 12000 million tons.

4. Due to deforestation, India loses Rs 10,000 crores every year in the form of damage by floods.

 

ISSUES IN DEFORESTATION:

1. On the rural side, the issue is that the people are depended on the forests for wood fuel and that is why their needs are fulfilled as well as the forests are not depleted because of their actions.

2. On the urban side, we must remember that the trend of consumerism has found currency with the urbanites accompanied with total disregard for the environment. So, can the consumerist attitude and the conversationalist attitude co-exist?

3. Corporates are facing increasing pressure from various organizations to take care of the environment, yet there is no social concern or initiative coming from them directly. Can the government be unbiased in its actions?

4. Almost all the forests are owned by the government and it is their responsibility to see that the forests are safeguarded. But due to lack of political will and pressure from other sectors, the government is not able to decide and act on its own. Can the government be unbiased in its actions?

5. The standard of fixing (33% compulsory forest cover) for all the states of the nation is not a viable, as there are various differences among the states, and many of them are solely dependent on the forest resources for their revenue. Can a region-specific target be drawn up, so that the overall forest cover concedes to the total target of 33%?

6. It is noteworthy to mention that the rate of deforestation exceeds the rate of afforestation. As the land area is fixed, and the cleared forests are used for other purposes, can the scheme of afforestation be successful in the near future?

7. There is a close link between agriculture and forestry. With improvements in the agriculture sector, and with the increase in population, there is a continuous need for upgrading the resources. Can the forest resources be experimented with the modern technologies?

OVERVIEW OF WORLDWIDE DEFORESTATION:

Everyday more than thousands of trees are cut down all over the world to use the timber as a major source of fuel, building material and paper products. Urbanization has forced man to acquire huge forest areas. As population grows, the need for agricultural land has also increased over the years. Deforestation has such a large number of detrimental environmental effects. One of the most severe consequences of this is the natural surroundings loss of numerous creature species.

Thus, deforestation can alter the earth’s biodiversity making a lot of rare species even more extinct. Deforestation also plays a major role in global warming and it is also responsible to the contribution of up to 20% of the total greenhouse gases emitted. Trees play a major role in absorbing most of the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. As lots of trees are cut down, the concentration of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases thus increasing the temperature of the earth. Another immediate impact of deforestation is expanded soil disintegration. This can also lead to unnatural floods and droughts. Clearing forests can disrupt the normal water flow thus causing abnormal floods and droughts. Plants consume water through roots, discharges into the air that creates mists and downpour.

STATISTIC:

As population grows so does the rise and demand of more forests to be cut down and this leads to deforestation. This is a breakdown of land area per sq. km 2002/2008.

SOLUTION TO DEFORESTATION:

1. Reforestation: Because of public education, new technology and innovation has occurred in most parts of the world that implements reforestation and it very well may be found in nations across Asia.

2. Legislation: Due to new laws and regulations it can be seen that new trees have been planted and old trees are not allowed to be cut down. If this continues there might be a chance to stop deforestation and reverse the whole process completely.

3. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Sanctuaries are very important, not only to save wildlife, but to save trees as well. Sanctuaries go a long way in protecting all wildlife.

4. Cities: All cities should be managed properly. The new projects need to be controlled and planned accordingly and new trees should be planted in the process.

5. Commercial Forest Plantation: There should be a special forest plantations for all the wood that is required by the industries. In this manner the wood can be cut in a controlled and regulated environment.

6. Water Management: Improper water management affects deforestation in a big way. If the wildlife does not have water, then the entire ecosystem will be damaged. The construction of new dams should be planned properly, and area receives abundance of water.

The government must be blamed for the destruction of the forests due to:

1. Their flexibility in allocating the forest land to corporates under political pressure.

2. The distribution of lands to tribal people, on which agriculture cannot be done due to soil variety. This causes the allotted land to be wasted as the cleared land for agriculture can no longer be used for the purpose intended nor can they be used as forest cover as earlier.

OTHER REASONS OF DEFORESTATION:

1. One of the major reasons for the destruction of the forests are the building of dam’s reservoirs. These projects, albeit, intended for the benefit of the people, extends on the reverse side into trouble for the people. Displacement of the masses on one side, the projects cause large areas of virgin forests to be destroyed ruthlessly.

2. The other reason could be attributed to the lack of vigilance of the people who use the forest as camps. Their carelessness may cause forest fires which devours large areas of lush green forests.

UNIVERSAL SOLUTION TO DEFORESTATION:

Forests are an important natural resource for any country and deforestation retards a country’s development. Essential assets can only be accessed by “Afforestation” to fulfill the needs of the growing populace. Afforestation refers to the scheduled of planting trees for food and fodder development. Nurseries play a significant part in growing the cover of forests. As significant for what it is worth for a youngster to attain a nursery through her/his youthful age, so it is for plants to develop under appropriate consideration and security. This prepares them to withstand adverse situations during planting.

There is some hope. Projects with solar powered ovens reduce the need to cut the trees for fuel. Crops best suited for poorer soils is being introduced.

CONCLUSION:

Woodlands are very important for appropriate irrigation, medication, air newness, air contamination reduction, wood obtaining for some reasons and so on. It upsets all the procedures when we cut plants and impacts human lives. Instead of cutting plants to fulfill the need of paper, we should make the habit of recycling the old things as possible and avoid cutting of new plants. As existence without water is beyond the realm of imagination, similarly existence without plants and trees is likewise unrealistic as it is the wellspring of sunlight, natural air, creature environment, shadows, wood and so on.

SCIENCE CLASS 8TH STUDY MATERIAL NATURAL PHENOMENA (UNIT-6)

RBSE

CLASS 8th– SCIENCE

UNIT- 6

NATURAL PHENOMENA

BY:GAZAL BHATNAGAR, VIDHYARTHI DARPAN

AIR:

We exist on this planet because of air around us. Air is a blend of gases that are colorless, odorless and tasteless. The air stratum around the planet is called the atmosphere. Air exerts Earth pressure which is equivalent to the weight of the air per unit area. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by air in the atmosphere.

Two major air properties are:

1) Air exerts pressure.

2) The air expands over heating, gets lighter and contracts over cooling.

वायु: हम अपने आसपास हवा के कारण इस ग्रह पर मौजूद हैं। वायु गैसों का एक मिश्रण है जो रंगहीन, गंधहीन और स्वादहीन हैं। ग्रह के चारों ओर की वायु की धारा को वायुमंडल कहा जाता है। वायु दबाव पृथ्वी के दबाव को बढ़ाता है जो प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र हवा के वजन के बराबर है। वायुमंडलीय दबाव वायुमंडल में वायु द्वारा डाला गया दबाव है।

दो प्रमुख वायु गुण हैं:

1) वायु निकास दबाव।

2) हवा गर्म होने पर फैलती है, हल्की हो जाती है और ठंडा होने पर सिकुड़ जाती है।

 

AIR EXERTS PRESSURE:

Because of its own weight, air exerts pressure in various forms and in different conditions.

Several examples demonstrating the pressure exerted by air are as follows:

1) Riding a bicycle towards wind is simpler since the breeze, which is frequently called moving air, applies a weight on us, in a similar way a bicycle goes in and makes the bicycle travel quicker. At the other hand it is hard to ride a bicycle against the direction of breeze because in this situation the breeze exerts a pressure on us in the opposite direction in which a bicycle moves.

2) Rowing a sailboat in the direction of wind is easier and rowing a sailboat against the direction of wind is harder.

हवा दबाव डालती है:

अपने स्वयं के वजन के कारण, वायु विभिन्न रूपों में और विभिन्न परिस्थितियों में दबाव डालती है।

वायु द्वारा डाले गए दबाव को प्रदर्शित करने वाले कई उदाहरण इस प्रकार हैं:

1) हवा के प्रति एक साइकिल की सवारी करना बहुत आसान है क्योंकि हवा, जिसे अक्सर चलती हवा कहा जाता है, हमारे ऊपर एक भार डालती है जिस तरह से एक साइकिल अंदर जाती है और साइकिल यात्रा को तेज करती है। दूसरी ओर हवा की दिशा के विरुद्ध साइकिल चलाना कठिन होता है क्योंकि इस स्थिति में हवा हमारे ऊपर एक विपरीत दिशा में दबाव डालती है जिसमें एक साइकिल चलती है।

2) हवा की दिशा में एक सेलबोट को चलाना आसान है और हवा की दिशा के खिलाफ सेलबोट को चलाना कठिन है।

 

ACTIVITY 1:

Objective – To prove that air exerts pressure

Items required – Tin can with cap, tripod stand, cold water, wire gauze and burner.

Procedure – 

1) Pour a mug of water into a tin pot, and use a burner to heat the water in a can.

2) Boil the water and when the steam comes out freely stop heating and immediately screw the cap on it.

3) With the aid of a thick towel, remove the can from the tripod stand and put it in the sink.

4) Pour cool water over ‘hot tin can’ from a bowl or tap. Result- The ‘tin can’ is smashed, as though it had been smashed by a massive force acting on it from outside.

Reason-

1) Steam is created in the ‘tin can’ when the water boils.

2) The pressure of the outside air (or atmospheric pressure) and the pressure of the vapor inside the ‘tin can’ are similar and thus the ‘can’ does not break.

3) When the water boils, steam is made in the ‘tin can’ that ejects all the air from inside the ‘can’.

4) Once the can is sealed and cold water poured over it, the steam inside it condenses and makes water.

5) Because there is no air inside i.e. vacuum, air pressure is absent as the high air pressure or atmospheric pressure outside the tin ‘can’ may break it inside.

Conclusion-  Air exerts pressure around us.

 

गतिविधि 1:

उद्देश्य- यह साबित करने के लिए कि हवा दबाव डालती है।

आवश्यक वस्तुएँ – टिनकैनके साथ टोपी, तिपाई स्टैंड, ठंडे पानी, तार धुंध और बर्नर।

प्रक्रिया –

1) टिन के बर्तन में एक मग पानी डालें, और कैन में पानी गर्म करने के लिए बर्नर का उपयोग करें।

2) पानी उबालें और जब भाप स्वतंत्र रूप से बाहर जाए, तो हीटिंग बंद कर दें और तुरंत उस पर टोपी को पेंच करें।

3) एक मोटी तौलिया की सहायता से, तिपाई स्टैंड से कैन को हटा दें और सिंक में डालें।

4) एक कटोरे या नल सेगर्म टिन के डिब्बेपर ठंडा पानी डालें। परिणाम टिन कैनको तोड़ा जाता है, जैसे कि बाहर से इस पर भारी बल लगाकर इसे तोड़ा जाता था।

कारण-

1) पानी के उबलने पर भापटिन कैनमें बनती है।

2) बाहरी हवा (या वायुमंडलीय दबाव) औरटिन कैनके अंदर वाष्प का दबाव समान है और इस प्रकारकैननहीं टूट सकता है।

3) जब पानी उबलता है, तो भापटिन कैनमें बनती है, जोकैनके अंदर की सारी हवा को बाहर निकाल देती है।

4) एक बार जब कैन को सील कर दिया जाता है और उस पर ठंडा पानी डाला जाता है, तो उसके अंदर की भाप संघनित हो जाती है और पानी बना देती है।

5) क्योंकि अंदर हवा नहीं है यानी वैक्यूम, हवा का दबाव अनुपस्थित है क्योंकि टिन के बाहर उच्च वायुदाब या वायुमंडलीय दबावइसे अंदर तोड़ सकता है

निष्कर्ष- वायु हमारे चारों ओर दबाव डालती है।

 

ACTIVITY 2:

Objective- To prove that air exerts pressure

Items Required– Plastic Bottle with lid, Hot water, and Cold water.

Procedure- 

1) Take a bottle of plastic and fill half of it with hot water.

2) After some time, empty the bottle and close the lid securely quickly.

3) Now, pour cold water on the bottle and examine it.

Result- It squeezes out the bottle.

Reason-

1) some water vapor in the bottle gets chill off and transform into water.

2) Consequently, the air pressure inside the bottle is less in comparison to outside the bottle.

3) This difference in pressure causes squeezing of the bottle.

Conclusion- Air exerts pressure around us.

 

गतिविधि 2:

उद्देश्य यह साबित करने के लिए कि हवा दबाव डालती है।

आवश्यक वस्तुएँढक्कन के साथ प्लास्टिक की बोतल, गर्म पानी, और ठंडा पानी।

प्रक्रिया

1) प्लास्टिक की एक बोतल लें और उसमें आधा पानी भर दें।

2) कुछ समय बाद, बोतल खाली करें और ढक्कन को सुरक्षित रूप से जल्दी से बंद करें।

3) अब, बोतल पर ठंडा पानी डालें और जांच करें।

परिणाम– यह बोतल को निचोड़ता है।

कारण

1) बोतल में कुछ जल वाष्प ठंडा हो जाता है और पानी में बदल जाता है।

2) नतीजतन, बोतल के अंदर हवा का दबाव बोतल के बाहर की तुलना में कम होता है।

3) दबाव में यह अंतर बोतल के निचोड़ने का कारण बनता है।

निष्कर्ष- वायु हमारे चारों ओर दबाव डालती है।

 

ACTIVITY 3:

Objective- To prove the effect of velocity of air on air pressure.

Items Required– Any Empty bottle, paper and ball.

Procedure- 

1) Take an empty bottle and a piece of paper.

2) Create a tiny ball by folding a piece of paper and keep it in a bottle close to your mouth.

3) Attempt to insert the ball inside the bottle, by blowing through the mouth of bottle.

4) Repeat the procedure with bottles of varying mouth size.

Result- We face difficulty to enter the ball inside the bottle. (By means of blowing)

Reason-

1) At bottle mouth, air velocity increases by blowing which causes low air pressure.

2) Compared to the mouth, the pressure inside the bottle is greater.

3) Due to this, air inside the bottle thus propels the ball outside.

Conclusion- There is an effect of velocity of air on air pressure.

 

गतिविधि 3:

उद्देश्यवायुदाब पर वायु के वेग के प्रभाव को सिद्ध करना।

आवश्यक वस्तुएँकोई भी खाली बोतल, कागज और गेंद।

प्रक्रिया

1) एक खाली बोतल और कागज का एक टुकड़ा लें।

2) एक कागज़ के टुकड़े को मोड़कर एक छोटी सी गेंद बनाएं और इसे अपने मुँह के पास एक बोतल में रखें।

3) बोतल के मुंह के माध्यम से बोतल के अंदर गेंद डालने का प्रयास करें। (उड़ाने के माध्यम से)

4) अलगअलग मुंह के आकार की बोतलों के साथ प्रक्रिया को दोहराएं।

परिणाम  हमें बोतल के अंदर गेंद डालने में कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ता है। (उड़ाने के माध्यम से)

कारण

1) बोतल के मुंह पर, हवा का वेग बढ़ने से हवा का दबाव कम होता है।

2) मुंह की तुलना में बोतल के अंदर दबाव अधिक होता है।

3) इस वजह से, बोतल के अंदर की हवा इस प्रकार गेंद को बाहर धकेलती है।

निष्कर्ष – वायु के दबाव पर वायु के वेग का प्रभाव होता है।

 

ACTIVITY 4:

Objective- To prove that Raising air velocity decreases air pressure.

Items Required– Two balloons of same size, water, string and wooden stick.

Procedure- 

1) Take two equal size balloons and fill them with a small amount of water.

2) now blow up the balloon to full and tie them with string.

3) Place these balloons on a wooden stick and maintain a distance of 10 cm between them.

Result-  Both balloons come near to one another.

Reason-

1) Air blowing between the balloons decreases air pressure between the balloons.

2) Higher pressure on the other side drives the balloons towards each other.

Conclusion- If we increase the velocity of air, then the air pressure will decrease.

गतिविधि 4:

उद्देश्ययह साबित करने के लिए कि वायु का वेग बढ़ने से वायुदाब कम हो जाता है।

आवश्यक वस्तुएँएक ही आकार के दो गुब्बारे, पानी, स्ट्रिंग और लकड़ी की छड़ी।

प्रक्रिया

1) दो समान आकार के गुब्बारे लें और उन्हें थोड़ी मात्रा में पानी भरें।

2) अब गुब्बारे को फुलाने के लिए फुलाएँ और उन्हें स्ट्रिंग से बाँधें।

3) इन गुब्बारों को लकड़ी की छड़ी पर रखें और उनके बीच 10 सेमी की दूरी बनाए रखें।

परिणाम– दोनों गुब्बारे एक दूसरे के पास आते हैं।

कारण

1) गुब्बारों के बीच हवा बहने से गुब्बारे के बीच हवा का दबाव कम हो जाता है।

2) दूसरी तरफ उच्च दबाव गुब्बारे को एक दूसरे की ओर धकेलता है।

निष्कर्ष- हवा के वेग में वृद्धि से हवा का दबाव कम हो जाता है।

SCIENCE CLASS 8TH ROAD SAFETY (UNIT-8) IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ANSWERS

RBSE

CLASS 8th– SCIENCE

UNIT- 8

ROAD SAFETY– QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

BY:GAZAL BHATNAGAR, VIDHYARTHI DARPAN

Q.1) What is a road accident?

Ans:) A road accident is an incident involving at least one vehicle that happens on a public transport road where a person is injured or killed.

सड़क दुर्घटना एक ऐसी घटना है जिसमें कम से कम एक वाहन शामिल होता है जो एक सार्वजनिक परिवहन सड़क पर होता है जहां एक व्यक्ति घायल हो जाता है या मारा जाता है।

Q.2) What is meant by road safety?

Ans:) Road safety is the protection of persons from road injuries or incidents requiring various procedures and interventions to be taken by road users to avoid serious injury and death as a result of an accident. It is the prevention and protection of street mishaps through the use of all street security measures which safeguards individuals on the road.

सड़क सुरक्षा, सड़क दुर्घटना या किसी दुर्घटना के परिणामस्वरूप होने वाली गंभीर चोट और मृत्यु से बचने के लिए सड़क उपयोगकर्ताओं द्वारा की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रक्रियाओं और हस्तक्षेपों की आवश्यकता वाली घटनाओं से व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा है। यह सभी सड़क सुरक्षा उपायों के उपयोग के माध्यम से सड़क दुर्घटनाओं की रोकथाम और सुरक्षा है जो सड़क पर व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा करता है।

Q.3) How does the violation of traffic rules lead to accidents?

Ans:) The main cause of accidents and injuries is due to human mistakes such as over-speed, driving during intoxicated, distractions, red light jumping, ignoring protective equipment such as seat belts and helmets, and excessive overtaking.

दुर्घटनाओं और चोटों का मुख्य कारण मानवीय गलतियों के कारण होता है जैसे ओवर-स्पीड, नशे के दौरान ड्राइविंग, ध्यान भटकाना, रेड लाइट जंप करना, सीट बेल्ट और हेलमेट जैसे सुरक्षात्मक उपकरणों की अनदेखी और अत्यधिक ओवरटेकिंग।

Q.4) Why should one not drink alcohol and drive? 

A) Liquor decreases concentration that decreases a human body’s reaction time which takes longer to respond to brain guidelines that hamper vision due to instability.

शराब एक मानव शरीर की प्रतिक्रिया समय को कम करने वाली एकाग्रता को कम करती है जो अस्थिरता के कारण दृष्टि में बाधा डालने वाले मस्तिष्क के दिशानिर्देशों का जवाब देने में अधिक समय लेती है।

Q.5) Why is it essential to use seat belt in vehicles?

Ans:) Wearing seat belts and helmet decreases the seriousness of injuries during collisions and increases the chance of recovery in a serious accident.

सीट बेल्ट और हेलमेट पहनने से टकराव के दौरान चोटों की गंभीरता कम हो जाती है और गंभीर दुर्घटना में ठीक होने की संभावना बढ़ जाती है।

Q.6) State the adverse effects of road accidents?

Ans:) Road accidents causes mutilation and death, damage to vehicle and property, economic loss that can also crash houses, trees or public infrastructure.

सड़क दुर्घटनाएँ उत्परिवर्तन और मृत्यु का कारण बनती हैं, वाहन और संपत्ति को नुकसान, आर्थिक नुकसान जो घरों, पेड़ों या सार्वजनिक बुनियादी ढांचे को भी दुर्घटनाग्रस्त कर सकते हैं।

Q.7) What are the causes of Road Accidents?

Ans:) Road injuries are usually caused by:

1) Fast vehicle pace:

Rapid speed of a vehicle is one of the primary causes of road accidents. If drivers intentionally travel at an extremely rapid pace that runs contrary to traffic laws, whether to show off, meet a deadline or for no specific reason, they jeopardize their own lives and others also. If a rapid speed vehicle driver loses control of the vehicle it causes road accidents. 

The higher the velocity, the greater the harm.

A vehicle that moves at a rapid speed has a greater effect during the collision and causes more casualties.

 तेज वाहन की गति:

किसी वाहन की तीव्र गति सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के प्राथमिक कारणों में से एक है। यदि ड्राइवर जानबूझकर बेहद तीव्र गति से यात्रा करते हैं जो ट्रैफिक कानूनों के विपरीत चलता है चाहे दिखावा करना हो, किसी समय सीमा को पूरा करना हो या बिना किसी विशेष कारण के, वे अपने स्वयं के जीवन और दूसरों को भी खतरे में डालते हैं। यदि एक तेज गति वाहन चालक वाहन का नियंत्रण खो देता है तो यह सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का कारण बनता है।

जितना अधिक वेग, उतना ही अधिक नुकसान।

एक वाहन जो तीव्र गति से चलता है, टक्कर के दौरान अधिक प्रभाव डालता है और अधिक दुर्घटना का कारण बनता है।

2) Drivers heedlessness:

Driver carelessness is also a significant cause of road accidents where drivers do not make sure their vehicles are in proper working order. Driving vehicles with no or defective breaks often causes road accidents. Proper servicing, repair and frequent testing of vehicles prevent collisions with road traffic and save lives.

 ड्राइवर की लापरवाही:

ड्राइवर की लापरवाही भी सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण है जहां ड्राइवर यह सुनिश्चित नहीं करते हैं कि उनके वाहन उचित कार्य क्रम में हैं। बिना या दोषपूर्ण ब्रेक के साथ वाहन चलाने से अक्सर सड़क दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं। वाहनों की उचित सर्विसिंग, मरम्मत और लगातार परीक्षण सड़क यातायात के साथ टकराव को रोकते हैं और जीवन को बचाते हैं।

3) Getting intoxicated while driving:

Alcohol consumption when driving is another significant cause of road accidents, because alcohol affects the reaction of the body. It slows down the brain and response, disrupting sense of balance and coordination. This also affects vision and hearing, resulting in loss of focus by drivers who feel tired and sleepy. All of these factors influence the decision when driving leading to serious accidents on the road.

 गाड़ी चलाते समय नशा करना:

वाहन चलाते समय शराब का सेवन सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक और महत्वपूर्ण कारण है, क्योंकि शराब शरीर की प्रतिक्रिया को प्रभावित करती है। यह मस्तिष्क और प्रतिक्रिया को धीमा कर देता है, संतुलन और समन्वय की भावना को बाधित करता है। यह दृष्टि और श्रवण को भी प्रभावित करता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप ड्राइवरों को ध्यान केंद्रित करने में हानि होती है जो थका हुआ और नींद महसूस करते हैं। ये सभी कारक सड़क पर गंभीर दुर्घटनाओं के लिए वाहन चलाते समय निर्णय को प्रभावित करते हैं।

4) Not following the law regulating traffic:

Another big reason for street mishaps is the infringement by drivers of traffic regulations. Some drivers break traffic light signals, leave their vehicles on highways, tries to enter their vehicles on one side or on no entry area, refuse to follow traffic signals and don’t utilize their vehicle indicators.

 यातायात को नियंत्रित करने वाले कानून का पालन नहीं करना:

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक और बड़ा कारण यातायात नियमों के चालकों द्वारा उल्लंघन है। कुछ ड्राइवर ट्रैफिक लाइट सिग्नल तोड़ते हैं, अपने वाहनों को राजमार्गों पर छोड़ देते हैं, अपने वाहनों को एक तरफ या बिना प्रवेश क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करने की कोशिश करते हैं, यातायात संकेतों का पालन करने से इनकार करते हैं और अपने वाहन संकेतकों का उपयोग नहीं करते हैं।

5) Abstaining from security gears:

Wearing safety belts and helmets protects individuals shielded from serious injury during street crashes. When driving a scooter and bikes, individuals should utilize recommended standard helmet and wear them appropriately for maximum security.

सुरक्षा गियर से बचना:

सुरक्षा बेल्ट और हेलमेट पहनने से सड़क दुर्घटना के दौरान गंभीर चोट लगने वाले व्यक्तियों को सुरक्षा मिलती है। स्कूटर और बाइक चलाते समय, व्यक्तियों को अनुशंसित मानक हेलमेट का उपयोग करना चाहिए और उन्हें अधिकतम सुरक्षा के लिए उचित रूप से पहनना चाहिए।

6) Conditions of roads:

Damaged highways, unauthorized traffic interruptors, road mergers, incorrect signs and markings often cause road accidents.

सड़कों की स्थिति:

क्षतिग्रस्त राजमार्ग, अनधिकृत यातायात अवरोधक, सड़क विलय, गलत संकेत और चिह्नों के कारण अक्सर सड़क दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं।

7) Automobiles:

Brake failure, tyre explosion, overloading, lack of headlights may also cause road accidents.

वाहन:

ब्रेक की विफलता, टायर विस्फोट, ओवरलोडिंग, हेडलाइट्स की कमी भी सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का कारण बन सकती है।

8) Meteorology situation:

In the same way, mist, frost, snow, rainfall and windstorms can cause street mishaps.

मौसम विज्ञान की स्थिति:

उसी तरह, धुंध, ठंढ, बर्फ, बारिश और हवा के तूफान से सड़क दुर्घटना हो सकती है।

Q.8) How can we prevent road accidents?

Ans:) We can prevent road traffic accidents by taking the following safety measures:

1) Drivers, pedestrians and all residents should follow the traffic regulations seriously.

2) Citizens should learn the road signals properly.

3) utilization of helmets for two-wheeler drivers and safety belt for four-wheeler drivers ought to be obligatory.

4) Driver’s license should be mandatory for drivers and should only be issued to drivers who are well-informed about road signals and safety laws to obey.

5) Vehicles ought to be parked in the parking territory.

6) we ought not drink liquor while driving.

7) During lane change indicators should be used.

8) Public information about road safety should be generated through presentations between students and individuals.

9) Don’t use cell phones while driving.

10) All those who breach traffic laws should receive a heavy penalty.

11) Proper roads should be built.

12) We should never climb over divider railings.

13) Extra caution should be exercised when crossing the road or around a slope or curve.

14) We ought not go across the street between vehicle parking area.

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं को रोकने के लिए उपाय:

हम नीचे दिए गए सुरक्षा उपायों का पालन करके सड़क यातायात दुर्घटनाओं को रोक सकते हैं:

1) ड्राइवरों, पैदल चलने वालों और सभी निवासियों को यातायात नियमों का गंभीरता से पालन करना चाहिए।

2) नागरिकों को सड़क संकेतों को ठीक से सीखना चाहिए।

3) दोपहिया वाहन चालकों के लिए हेलमेट का उपयोग और चौपहिया वाहन चालकों के लिए सुरक्षा बेल्ट अनिवार्य होना चाहिए।

4) ड्राइवरों के लिए ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस अनिवार्य होना चाहिए और केवल उन ड्राइवरों को जारी किया जाना चाहिए जो सड़क के संकेतों और सुरक्षा कानूनों का पालन करने के बारे में अच्छी तरह से जानते हैं।

5) वाहनों को पार्किंग क्षेत्र में खड़ा किया जाना चाहिए।

6) हमें गाड़ी चलाते समय शराब नहीं पीनी चाहिए।

7) लेन बदलने के दौरान संकेतक का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

8) छात्रों और व्यक्तियों के बीच प्रस्तुतियों के माध्यम से सड़क सुरक्षा के बारे में सार्वजनिक जानकारी उत्पन्न की जानी चाहिए।

9) वाहन चलाते समय सेल फोन का उपयोग न करें।

10) ट्रैफिक कानूनों को तोड़ने वाले सभी लोगों को भारी जुर्माना मिलना चाहिए।

11) उचित सड़कों का निर्माण किया जाना चाहिए।

12) हमें कभी भी विभक्त रेलिंग पर नहीं चढ़ना चाहिए।

13) सड़क पार करते समय या ढलान या वक्र के आसपास अतिरिक्त सावधानी बरती जानी चाहिए।

14) हमें वाहन पार्किंग क्षेत्र के बीच की सड़क पर नहीं जाना चाहिए।

Q9) How can you help a road accident victim?

A) A person who is a casualty of a mishap can be saved with timely clinical help. Rapid and adequate

medical aid given within the first hour of the accident to the street mishap victim, increases his / her

chances of survival and decreases the severity of the injury. Lives of numerous mishap victims can be

saved inside the primary hour of the occurrence by giving basic life support machine, medical aid, and

liquid for the victim. The Golden Hour is the first hour after the incident.

एक व्यक्ति जो दुर्घटना का शिकार होता है, उसे समय पर चिकित्सीय सहायता से बचाया जा सकता है। सड़क दुर्घटना के

शिकार व्यक्ति को दुर्घटना के पहले घंटे के भीतर दी जाने वाली तीव्र और पर्याप्त चिकित्सा सहायता, उसके बचने की

संभावना को बढ़ा देती है और चोट की गंभीरता को कम कर देती है। पीड़ित के लिए बुनियादी जीवन समर्थन मशीन,

चिकित्सा सहायता और तरल देकर घटना के प्राथमिक घंटे के भीतर कई दुर्घटना पीड़ितों की जान बचाई जा सकती है।

घटना के बाद पहला घंटा गोल्डन ऑवर है।

SCIENCE CLASS 8TH STUDY MATERIAL ROAD SAFETY (UNIT-8)

RBSE

CLASS 8th– SCIENCE

UNIT- 8

ROAD SAFETY

BY:GAZAL BHATNAGAR, VIDHYARTHI DARPAN

ROAD ACCIDENTS:

Accidents which may cause injuries or even death on the road are called road accidents. Have you ever wondered if you’re not following rules while on the road, what’s going to happen? When the driver fails to obey the rules while driving, then one vehicle can crash with another. There are numerous causes for a street mishap that can occur when a vehicle hits another vehicle or a pedestrian along the road. In such cases minor or major injuries are caused resulting in road accidents that can lead to death of an individual. 

जिन दुर्घटनाओं में चोट लग सकती है या सड़क पर मृत्यु हो सकती है, उन्हें सड़क दुर्घटना कहा जाता है। क्या आपने कभी सोचा है कि यदि आप सड़क पर नियमों का पालन नहीं कर रहे हैं, तो क्या होने वाला है? जब चालक वाहन चलाते समय नियमों का पालन करने में विफल रहता है, तो एक वाहन दूसरे के साथ दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो सकता है। एक सड़क दुर्घटना के कई कारण हैं जो किसी वाहन द्वारा सड़क पर किसी अन्य वाहन या पैदल चलने वाले को टक्कर मार सकते हैं। ऐसे मामलों में छोटी या बड़ी चोटें सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के कारण होती हैं जो किसी व्यक्ति की मृत्यु का कारण बन सकती हैं।

 

ROAD SAFETY:

Road safety is the protection of persons from road injuries or incidents requiring various procedures and interventions to be taken by road users to avoid serious injury and death as a result of an accident. It is the prevention and protection of street mishaps through the use of all street security measures which safeguards individuals on the road.

सड़क सुरक्षा, सड़क दुर्घटना या किसी दुर्घटना के परिणामस्वरूप होने वाली गंभीर चोट और मृत्यु से बचने के लिए सड़क उपयोगकर्ताओं द्वारा की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रक्रियाओं और हस्तक्षेपों की आवश्यकता वाली घटनाओं से व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा है। यह सभी सड़क सुरक्षा उपायों के उपयोग के माध्यम से सड़क दुर्घटनाओं की रोकथाम और सुरक्षा है जो सड़क पर व्यक्तियों की सुरक्षा करता है।

 

CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS:

Road injuries are usually caused by:

1) Fast vehicle pace:

Rapid speed of a vehicle is one of the primary causes of road accidents. If drivers intentionally travel at an extremely rapid pace that runs contrary to traffic laws, whether to show off, meet a deadline or for no specific reason, they jeopardize their own lives and others also. If a rapid speed vehicle driver loses control of the vehicle it causes road accidents. 

The higher the velocity, the greater the harm.

A vehicle that moves at a rapid speed has a greater effect during the collision and causes more casualties.

तेज वाहन की गति:

किसी वाहन की तीव्र गति सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के प्राथमिक कारणों में से एक है। यदि ड्राइवर जानबूझकर बेहद तीव्र गति से यात्रा करते हैं जो ट्रैफिक कानूनों के विपरीत चलता है चाहे दिखावा करना हो, किसी समय सीमा को पूरा करना हो या बिना किसी विशेष कारण के, वे अपने स्वयं के जीवन और दूसरों को भी खतरे में डालते हैं। यदि एक तेज गति वाहन चालक वाहन का नियंत्रण खो देता है तो यह सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का कारण बनता है।

जितना अधिक वेग, उतना ही अधिक नुकसान।

एक वाहन जो तीव्र गति से चलता है, टक्कर के दौरान अधिक प्रभाव डालता है और अधिक दुर्घटना का कारण बनता है।

2) Drivers heedlessness:

Driver carelessness is also a significant cause of road accidents where drivers do not make sure their vehicles are in proper working order. Driving vehicles with no or defective breaks often causes road accidents. Proper servicing, repair and frequent testing of vehicles prevent collisions with road traffic and save lives.

ड्राइवर की लापरवाही:

ड्राइवर की लापरवाही भी सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक महत्वपूर्ण कारण है जहां ड्राइवर यह सुनिश्चित नहीं करते हैं कि उनके वाहन उचित कार्य क्रम में हैं। बिना या दोषपूर्ण ब्रेक के साथ वाहन चलाने से अक्सर सड़क दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं। वाहनों की उचित सर्विसिंग, मरम्मत और लगातार परीक्षण सड़क यातायात के साथ टकराव को रोकते हैं और जीवन को बचाते हैं।

3) Getting intoxicated while driving:

Alcohol consumption when driving is another significant cause of road accidents, because alcohol affects the reaction of the body. It slows down the brain and response, disrupting sense of balance and coordination. This also affects vision and hearing, resulting in loss of focus by drivers who feel tired and sleepy. All of these factors influence the decision when driving leading to serious accidents on the road.

गाड़ी चलाते समय नशा करना:

वाहन चलाते समय शराब का सेवन सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक और महत्वपूर्ण कारण है, क्योंकि शराब शरीर की प्रतिक्रिया को प्रभावित करती है। यह मस्तिष्क और प्रतिक्रिया को धीमा कर देता है, संतुलन और समन्वय की भावना को बाधित करता है। यह दृष्टि और श्रवण को भी प्रभावित करता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप ड्राइवरों को ध्यान केंद्रित करने में हानि होती है जो थका हुआ और नींद महसूस करते हैं। ये सभी कारक सड़क पर गंभीर दुर्घटनाओं के लिए वाहन चलाते समय निर्णय को प्रभावित करते हैं।

4) Not following the law regulating traffic:

Another big reason for street mishaps is the infringement by drivers of traffic regulations. Some drivers break traffic light signals, leave their vehicles on highways, tries to enter their vehicles on one side or on no entry area, refuse to follow traffic signals and don’t utilize their vehicle indicators.

 यातायात को नियंत्रित करने वाले कानून का पालन नहीं करना:

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का एक और बड़ा कारण यातायात नियमों के चालकों द्वारा उल्लंघन है। कुछ ड्राइवर ट्रैफिक लाइट सिग्नल तोड़ते हैं, अपने वाहनों को राजमार्गों पर छोड़ देते हैं, अपने वाहनों को एक तरफ या बिना प्रवेश क्षेत्र में प्रवेश करने की कोशिश करते हैं, यातायात संकेतों का पालन करने से इनकार करते हैं और अपने वाहन संकेतकों का उपयोग नहीं करते हैं।

5) Abstaining from security gears:

Wearing safety belts and helmets protects individuals shielded from serious injury during street crashes. When driving a scooter and bikes, individuals should utilize recommended standard helmet and wear them appropriately for maximum security.

सुरक्षा गियर से बचना:

सुरक्षा बेल्ट और हेलमेट पहनने से सड़क दुर्घटना के दौरान गंभीर चोट लगने वाले व्यक्तियों को सुरक्षा मिलती है। स्कूटर और बाइक चलाते समय, व्यक्तियों को अनुशंसित मानक हेलमेट का उपयोग करना चाहिए और उन्हें अधिकतम सुरक्षा के लिए उचित रूप से पहनना चाहिए।

6) Conditions of roads:

Damaged highways, unauthorized traffic interruptors, road mergers, incorrect signs and markings often cause road accidents.

सड़कों की स्थिति:

क्षतिग्रस्त राजमार्ग, अनधिकृत यातायात अवरोधक, सड़क विलय, गलत संकेत और चिह्नों के कारण अक्सर सड़क दुर्घटनाएं होती हैं।

7) Automobiles:

Brake failure, tyre explosion, overloading, lack of headlights may also cause road accidents.

वाहन:

ब्रेक की विफलता, टायर विस्फोट, ओवरलोडिंग, हेडलाइट्स की कमी भी सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का कारण बन सकती है।

8) Meteorology situation:

In the same way, mist, frost, snow, rainfall and windstorms can cause street mishaps.

मौसम विज्ञान की स्थिति:

उसी तरह, धुंध, ठंढ, बर्फ, बारिश और हवा के तूफान से सड़क दुर्घटना हो सकती है।

 

MEASURES INTENDED TO DETER ROAD ACCIDENTS:  

We can prevent road traffic accidents by taking the following safety measures:

1) Drivers, pedestrians and all residents should follow the traffic regulations seriously.

2) Citizens should learn the road signals properly.

3) utilization of helmets for two-wheeler drivers and safety belt for four-wheeler drivers ought to be obligatory.

4) Driver’s license should be mandatory for drivers and should only be issued to drivers who are well-informed about road signals and safety laws to obey.

5) Vehicles ought to be parked in the parking territory.

6) we ought not drink liquor while driving.

7) During lane change indicators should be used.

8) Public information about road safety should be generated through presentations between students and individuals.

9) Don’t use cell phones while driving.

10) All those who breach traffic laws should receive a heavy penalty.

11) Proper roads should be built.

12) We should never climb over divider railings.

13) Extra caution should be exercised when crossing the road or around a slope or curve.

14) We ought not go across the street between vehicle parking area.

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं को रोकने के लिए उपाय:

हम नीचे दिए गए सुरक्षा उपायों का पालन करके सड़क यातायात दुर्घटनाओं को रोक सकते हैं:

1) ड्राइवरों, पैदल चलने वालों और सभी निवासियों को यातायात नियमों का गंभीरता से पालन करना चाहिए।

2) नागरिकों को सड़क संकेतों को ठीक से सीखना चाहिए।

3) दोपहिया वाहन चालकों के लिए हेलमेट का उपयोग और चौपहिया वाहन चालकों के लिए सुरक्षा बेल्ट अनिवार्य होना चाहिए।

4) ड्राइवरों के लिए ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस अनिवार्य होना चाहिए और केवल उन ड्राइवरों को जारी किया जाना चाहिए जो सड़क के संकेतों और सुरक्षा कानूनों का पालन करने के बारे में अच्छी तरह से जानते हैं।

5) वाहनों को पार्किंग क्षेत्र में खड़ा किया जाना चाहिए।

6) हमें गाड़ी चलाते समय शराब नहीं पीनी चाहिए।

7) लेन बदलने के दौरान संकेतक का उपयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

8) छात्रों और व्यक्तियों के बीच प्रस्तुतियों के माध्यम से सड़क सुरक्षा के बारे में सार्वजनिक जानकारी उत्पन्न की जानी चाहिए।

9) वाहन चलाते समय सेल फोन का उपयोग न करें।

10) ट्रैफिक कानूनों को तोड़ने वाले सभी लोगों को भारी जुर्माना मिलना चाहिए।

11) उचित सड़कों का निर्माण किया जाना चाहिए।

12) हमें कभी भी विभक्त रेलिंग पर नहीं चढ़ना चाहिए।

13) सड़क पार करते समय या ढलान या वक्र के आसपास अतिरिक्त सावधानी बरती जानी चाहिए।

14) हमें वाहन पार्किंग क्षेत्र के बीच की सड़क पर नहीं जाना चाहिए।

 

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS:

Road accidents have the following significant impact on victims and their families with some of the negative effects of traffic accidents:

1) Life loss – Demise

2) Property and vehicle loss.

3) Loss in both economy and financial capital.

4) Government and judicial action taken against the person.

सड़क उपकरणों के नकारात्मक प्रभाव:

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं का पीड़ितों और उनके परिवारों पर यातायात दुर्घटनाओं के कुछ नकारात्मक प्रभावों से निम्नलिखित महत्वपूर्ण प्रभाव पड़ता है:

1) जीवन हानिमृत्यु

2) संपत्ति और वाहन का नुकसान।

3) अर्थव्यवस्था और वित्तीय पूंजी दोनों में नुकसान।

4) व्यक्ति के खिलाफ सरकार और न्यायिक कार्रवाई।

 

HELPING VICTIMS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS:

A person who is a casualty of a mishap can be saved with timely clinical help. Rapid and adequate medical aid given within the first hour of the accident to the street mishap victim, increases his / her chances of survival and decreases the severity of the injury. Lives of numerous mishap victims can be saved inside the primary hour of the occurrence by giving basic life support machine, medical aid, and liquid for the victim. The ‘Golden Hour’ is the first hour after the incident.

सड़क दुर्घटनाओं के शिकार लोगों की मदद करना।

एक व्यक्ति जो दुर्घटना का शिकार होता है, उसे समय पर चिकित्सीय सहायता से बचाया जा सकता है। सड़क दुर्घटना के शिकार व्यक्ति को दुर्घटना के पहले घंटे के भीतर दी जाने वाली तीव्र और पर्याप्त चिकित्सा सहायता, उसके बचने की संभावना को बढ़ा देती है और चोट की गंभीरता को कम कर देती है। पीड़ित के लिए बुनियादी जीवन समर्थन मशीन, चिकित्सा सहायता और तरल देकर घटना के प्राथमिक घंटे के भीतर कई दुर्घटना पीड़ितों की जान बचाई जा सकती है। घटना के बाद पहला घंटागोल्डन ऑवरहै।

 

IMPORTANT TERMS:

1) Driving License: 

This is the most important and compulsory document issued by the local transport authority for driving a vehicle in a public location.

There are two types of driving licenses:

a) Learner’s License or Temporary License:

This is given when a person begins to learn driving that is only valid for 6 months. At age 16, a provisional which is also called temporary license can be given for non-gear vehicles.

b) Permanent License:

It is the last official authorization of the administration to allow an individual to drive a vehicle on open streets permitted after 30 days of issuing a learner’s license. After age 18, permanent license for gear vehicles is issued.

महत्वपूर्ण शब्द:

1) ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस:

सार्वजनिक स्थान पर वाहन चलाने के लिए स्थानीय परिवहन प्राधिकरण द्वारा जारी यह सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और अनिवार्य दस्तावेज है।

ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस दो प्रकार के होते हैं:

क) शिक्षार्थी का लाइसेंस या अस्थायी लाइसेंस:

यह तब दिया जाता है जब कोई व्यक्ति ड्राइविंग सीखना शुरू करता है जो केवल 6 महीने के लिए वैध होता है। 16 साल की उम्र में, एक अनंतिम जिसे अस्थायी लाइसेंस भी कहा जाता है, गैर-गियर वाहनों के लिए दिया जा सकता है।

बी) स्थायी लाइसेंस:

किसी व्यक्ति को लर्निंग लाइसेंस जारी करने के 30 दिनों के बाद खुली सड़कों पर वाहन चलाने की अनुमति देना या अनुमति देना प्रशासन का अंतिम आधिकारिक प्राधिकरण है। 18 वर्ष की आयु के बाद, गियर वाहनों के लिए स्थायी लाइसेंस जारी किया जाता है।

इस पाठ के महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न: यहाँ क्लिक करें!

History Topic – Mughal Empire

Subject – History 

Topic – Medieval India 

Sub topic – Mughal Empire 

Topic for this page – Babur 

By: Dr. Neha Singh

Introduction – 

 Babur in his famous book Baburnama  tells us about the establishment of Mughal empire in India. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. He writes, 

“Many men like us have taken breath at this spring,

And have passes away in the twinkling of an eye; 

We took the world by courage and might,

But we could not take it with us to the grave.” 

The word mughals is said to be derived by Mongols. Their ancestral roots are from Turks and Uzbegs. Their lineage is the most successful lineage of Muslim rulers of India. They ruled around 181 years from Babur to Aurangzeb. They have the credit of having an organized and a better administration for the country with supreme authority. 

The first half opf the sixteenth century is the evident witness of a new dynasty – the Mughals who moved from central Asia to India. Mughals have left behind a great legacy of administrational structures. They have given the concept of the fusion of Indo-Islamic art, architecture and culture.

 Their successor pattern was that of Timurid tradition where the throne was inherited ad shared among brothers. Therefore, all the brothers had a desire to rule the mighty mughal empire. This can be interpreted and inferred as there are  many rebellions in the contemporary accounts of historians. 

 

Time line of Mughal empire 

The first mughal king was Babur who was followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. After Aurangzeb, mughal rulers were not able to keep their kingdom intact. The failure of Bhadur Shah Zafar lead to the establishment of British rule in India. 

S. No.  Name of the ruler  Time Period 
1.  Babur  1526-1530
2.  Humayun   1530-1540 and 1555-56
3. Sher Shah  1540-1555
4. Akbar  1556-1605
5. Jahangir  1605-1627
6. Shah Jahan  1628-1658
7.  Aurangzeb  1658-1707

Note- Sher Shah was not a mughal ruler, still he managed to give a stable rule for the country. 

 

Babur (1526-1530 Common Era (CE)) 

  • Zahir-ur-din Babur succeeded the throne of Farghana a place in Central Asia in 1494 at a very tender age of 12. 
  • Babur lost his kingdom to many tribes and they moved to India in search of new lands to conquer. 
  • Rana Sanga who ruled Mewar and Daulat Khan Lodhi  who was the governor of Bengal invited Babur to throw Ibrahim Lodhi from the throne of Delhi. 
  • The ill disciplinary army of Lodhi was defeated by the small and well trained army of Babur. 
  • However, he received threats from Rana Sanga of Mewar and the Afghan chief of Bengal, Nusrat Shah. 
  • He defeated Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanua in 1527. 
  • The Aghans  were defeated in the Battle of Ghagra in 1528. 
  • He also defeated Rajputs in the battle of Chanderi in 1528. 
  • After these wars, Babur was able to lay a string and vast foundation of a powerful mughal empire. 
  • Babur is known for the development of new techniques of warfare. 
  • He is given the share of effectively using canons in a battle. 
  • He invaded India five times. 
  • He died at the age of 48 years in 1536. 
  • Humayun who was his oldest son became his successor. 

 

Reasons for Babur’s success in the first battle of Panipat 

  • Babur introduced many new and strong weapons against Indian army. 
  • He had built a well trained chivalry. 
  • He had a good and effective war planning. His soldiers were arranged in a way where they can move easily from one place to another. 
  • The Mughals were the descendants of two great heredities – Gengis Khan and Timur, the famous ruler of Iran. 

 

 

 

English Grammar Topic – Preposition

Subject – English 

Sub topic – Grammar 

Topic for the day – Preposition 

By: Dr. Neha Singh

Introduction – 

There are many words in English which show a relation between other words in a sentence and a noun or pronoun. Such words are called prepositions.
Example: 

 The pencils are in the box. 

The highlighted word is an example of preposition. 

Some of the common prepositions are in, into, on, at, to, of, under, over, between, near, behind etc.  This relation is shown in terms of place, time, movement or direction. 

Exercise

Identify preposition in following sentences: 

1. Ram showed their tickets at the gate and went in the corridor. 

2. Sachin went under the ball to catch it. 

3. The match was between Australia and New Zealand. 

4. Reena could not stay on the track for long. 

5. The last over of the match was given to Venatkesh Prasad. 

6. Reena looked at her mother. 

 

A noun or pronoun following the preposition is called its object and is governed by it. 

Example: 

1. A bird is sitting on the tree. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its object which is governed by the preposition. 

2. He cut a pear with a knife. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its object which is governed by the preposition. 

 

Exercise

Circle the objects governed by the prepositions in the given sentences. 

1.  Myra sat on the sofa and read the book. 

2. My grandfather kept his spectacles in a red colored pouch. 

3. Shelley brought toffees for the children of her class. 

4. The clothes are kept in the shelf. 

5. Birds fly in the sky. 

 

Types of prepositions  

A. Prepositions of place

B. Prepositions indicating directions

C. Prepositions indicating position

D.Prepositions of time

 

A. Prepositions of place 

These prepositions show the place of the noun or pronoun.  Here, we use prepositions like at, in and on as prepositions of place. 

Example: 

1.  Sheela met her friend at the cinema hall. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition. 

2. My aunt is sitting on the floor. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition. 

3. I was born at Jaipur in Rajasthan. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition. 

 

B. Prepositions of time 

These prepositions show the time of the noun or pronoun.  Here, we use prepositions like at, for, since, from and to as prepositions. 

Example: 

1. My mother woke up at 5 a.m. today. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition. 

2. It is 8 a.m. Aadhya has been awake for an hour now.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition. 

3. He has been awake since 5 O’clock in the morning. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition. 

4. Sneha had her office from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition. 

5. Daksh woke up at 10 a.m. today. He was late for playing cricket. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition. 

 

C. Prepositions of directions or prepositions indicating directions 

These prepositions show the direction of the noun or pronoun.  Here, we use prepositions like at, to, off, out of, from and into as prepositions. 

Example: 

1. The students looked at the teacher with surprise. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

2. The culprit was taken to the prison. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

3. The truck went off the track. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

4. My cousin came from the market long back. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

5. The puppy was taken out of the kennel for the race. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

6. Suhana jumped into the river and shouted excitedly. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its directions which is governed by the preposition. 

 

D. Prepositions indicating position 

These prepositions show the position of the noun or pronoun.  Here, we use prepositions like at, on, in, over and under as prepositions. 

Example: 

1. Raavi met an old friend at the main entrance of the museum. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its position which is governed by the preposition. 

2.  The purse is on the small table behind the sofa. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its position which is governed by the preposition. 

3. The notebooks are in the drawer.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition. 

4. The lamp was hanging over my friend’s head. 

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its position which is governed by the preposition. 

5. The paint brush is under the stool.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its position which is governed by the preposition. 

 

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: 

1. The policeman is _________ duty. 

2. I met a beggar _______ the way. 

3. He died _______ plague. 

4. I agree _________ you. 

5. My father is __________ office. 

Answer: 

1. On    2. On    3. Of    4. With    5. At 

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