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History Topic – Mughal Empire

Subject – History

Topic – Medieval India

Sub topic – Mughal Empire

Topic for this page – Babur

By: Dr. Neha Singh

Introduction –

Babur in his famous book Baburnama tells us about the establishment of Mughal empire in India. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. He writes,

“Many men like us have taken breath at this spring,

And have passes away in the twinkling of an eye;

We took the world by courage and might,

But we could not take it with us to the grave.”

The word mughals is said to be derived by Mongols. Their ancestral roots are from Turks and Uzbegs. Their lineage is the most successful lineage of Muslim rulers of India. They ruled around 181 years from Babur to Aurangzeb. They have the credit of having an organized and a better administration for the country with supreme authority.

The first half opf the sixteenth century is the evident witness of a new dynasty – the Mughals who moved from central Asia to India. Mughals have left behind a great legacy of administrational structures. They have given the concept of the fusion of Indo-Islamic art, architecture and culture.

Their successor pattern was that of Timurid tradition where the throne was inherited ad shared among brothers. Therefore, all the brothers had a desire to rule the mighty mughal empire. This can be interpreted and inferred as there are many rebellions in the contemporary accounts of historians.

Time line of Mughal empire

The first mughal king was Babur who was followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. After Aurangzeb, mughal rulers were not able to keep their kingdom intact. The failure of Bhadur Shah Zafar lead to the establishment of British rule in India.

S. No.	Name of the ruler	Time Period
1.	Babur	1526-1530
2.	Humayun	1530-1540 and 1555-56
3.	Sher Shah	1540-1555
4.	Akbar	1556-1605
5.	Jahangir	1605-1627
6.	Shah Jahan	1628-1658
7.	Aurangzeb	1658-1707

Note- Sher Shah was not a mughal ruler, still he managed to give a stable rule for the country.

Babur (1526-1530 Common Era (CE))

Zahir-ur-din Babur succeeded the throne of Farghana a place in Central Asia in 1494 at a very tender age of 12.
Babur lost his kingdom to many tribes and they moved to India in search of new lands to conquer.
Rana Sanga who ruled Mewar and Daulat Khan Lodhi who was the governor of Bengal invited Babur to throw Ibrahim Lodhi from the throne of Delhi.
The ill disciplinary army of Lodhi was defeated by the small and well trained army of Babur.
However, he received threats from Rana Sanga of Mewar and the Afghan chief of Bengal, Nusrat Shah.
He defeated Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanua in 1527.
The Aghans were defeated in the Battle of Ghagra in 1528.
He also defeated Rajputs in the battle of Chanderi in 1528.
After these wars, Babur was able to lay a string and vast foundation of a powerful mughal empire.
Babur is known for the development of new techniques of warfare.
He is given the share of effectively using canons in a battle.
He invaded India five times.
He died at the age of 48 years in 1536.
Humayun who was his oldest son became his successor.

Reasons for Babur’s success in the first battle of Panipat

Babur introduced many new and strong weapons against Indian army.
He had built a well trained chivalry.
He had a good and effective war planning. His soldiers were arranged in a way where they can move easily from one place to another.
The Mughals were the descendants of two great heredities – Gengis Khan and Timur, the famous ruler of Iran.

English Grammar Topic – Preposition

Subject – English

Sub topic – Grammar

Topic for the day – Preposition

By: Dr. Neha Singh

Introduction –

There are many words in English which show a relation between other words in a sentence and a noun or pronoun. Such words are called prepositions.
Example:

The pencils are in the box.

The highlighted word is an example of preposition.

Some of the common prepositions are in, into, on, at, to, of, under, over, between, near, behind etc. This relation is shown in terms of place, time, movement or direction.

Exercise

Identify preposition in following sentences:

1. Ram showed their tickets at the gate and went in the corridor.

2. Sachin went under the ball to catch it.

3. The match was between Australia and New Zealand.

4. Reena could not stay on the track for long.

5. The last over of the match was given to Venatkesh Prasad.

6. Reena looked at her mother.

A noun or pronoun following the preposition is called its object and is governed by it.

Example:

1. A bird is sitting on the tree.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its object which is governed by the preposition.

2. He cut a pear with a knife.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its object which is governed by the preposition.

Exercise

Circle the objects governed by the prepositions in the given sentences.

1. Myra sat on the sofa and read the book.

2. My grandfather kept his spectacles in a red colored pouch.

3. Shelley brought toffees for the children of her class.

4. The clothes are kept in the shelf.

5. Birds fly in the sky.

Types of prepositions

A. Prepositions of place

B. Prepositions indicating directions

C. Prepositions indicating position

D.Prepositions of time

A. Prepositions of place

These prepositions show the place of the noun or pronoun. Here, we use prepositions like at, in and on as prepositions of place.

Example:

1. Sheela met her friend at the cinema hall.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition.

2. My aunt is sitting on the floor.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition.

3. I was born at Jaipur in Rajasthan.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its place which is governed by the preposition.

B. Prepositions of time

These prepositions show the time of the noun or pronoun. Here, we use prepositions like at, for, since, from and to as prepositions.

Example:

1. My mother woke up at 5 a.m. today.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition.

2. It is 8 a.m. Aadhya has been awake for an hour now.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition.

3. He has been awake since 5 O’clock in the morning.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition.

4. Sneha had her office from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition.

5. Daksh woke up at 10 a.m. today. He was late for playing cricket.

The highlighted word in yellow is preposition here where as the red portion is its time which is governed by the preposition.

C. Prepositions of directions or prepositions indicating directions

These prepositions show the direction of the noun or pronoun. Here, we use prepositions like at, to, off, out of, from and into as prepositions.

Example:

1. The students looked at the teacher with surprise.